Modern China

Pop Quiz! Q. Who is the portrait of in the next slide?portrait

China: Physical Geography

For thousands of years, China is ruled by Dynasties claiming to have “The Mandate of Heaven”

In 1750 China was the world’s leading manufacturer

European merchants wanted access to China’s market … but the China was largely self-sufficient and didn’t want to trade with Europeans In response to King George III of Britain’s request to trade with China in 1793, Chinese Empreror wrote Hitherto, all European nations, including your own country's barbarian merchants, have carried on their trade with our Celestial Empire at Canton. Such has been the procedure for many years, although our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its own borders. There was therefore no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce.

The British want to trade with the dynasties Treaty of Nanking –Gives all power of trade to foreign influence –Treaty made by the British –Empire feels forced to sign the treaty –Trade must be under British law Everything under British law Hong Kong given to the British Opium Wars Opium Wars

China under foreign domination: Britain and other imperialist nations carve out “spheres of influence”

Boxers: –Peasants –Displaced workers and peasants –“Society of Glorious and Harmonious Fists” Goals: –Get rid of foreign influence –Qing Dynasty (Manchurian ethnic group) is foreign to the Boxers, therefore get rid of them too –Restore the Ming Dynasty because this is when the Han (ethnic group) ruled Boxer Rebellion

Kuomintang symbol Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party Overthrew Qing dynasty Established a republic President of Chinese Republic Pro-democracy Pro-republican form of government Pro-western ideas (but wants to maintain Chinese sovereignty) Democracy can help China! Kuomintang Revolution Kuomintang Revolution (1912)

Kuomintang 1.Principle of Mínquán Democracy – the people are sovereign 2.Principle of Mínzú Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism 3.Principle of Mínshēng Social Reforms– economic development, industrialization, modernized, technology and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism China is so far behind in technology at this point Want to compete with the rest of the world Three Principles of the People

Disunity in China (2 PROBLEMS): 1. Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control –Greedy warlords who think the disunity will help them gain power 2. Wars raged between 1912 and 1928 Nationalists vs. Communists Also, poor infrastructure –1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track 225,000 miles in the smaller United States –Few decent roads Kuomintang: Weaknesses

Right wing –Business people –Politicians Left wing –Communists –Intellectuals –Radicals –Students The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split

Supports KMT and Sun Yat-Sen 1927 becomes commander and chief of the KMT army Defeats warlords –Finally unifies the country Later starts war with Chinese Communist Party Chiang Kai-shek

and – war between Communists and Nationalists –Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) –Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek War halted and to fight Japanese aggression in WWII Civil War in China

After World War I ( ) Japan and China have border conflicts Japan invades Manchuria (part of China in 1931 and sets up the “puppet state” of Manchukuo Japan seeks raw materials and space for population

Foreign Imperialists-- Japan

Japanese Expansion Japan has rapidly growing population, few natural resources Wants an empire for raw materials and land Invades Manchuria July 7, 1937 – invades China

Long March Mao Zedong (Communist leader) gains support for the communist fight Kai-Shek wants to eliminate communists. Communists march out of city to farmlandmarch out of city to farmland –100,000 started 8,000 finished

The Long March-6,000 miles! 100,000 start; only 8,000 finish

Nationalists and Communists now fought TOGETHER against Japan July 1937 Japan takes over North China and moves toward Beijing. Japan’s army is modern and is victorious Japan takes over Nanking –300,000 people die Nanking Massacre Who can save China? Rape of Nanking

“Rape of Nanjing” The war between China and Japan would eventually result in millions of deaths and lead to the Bombing of Pearl Harbor Japanese take over Nanjng in December 1937 and kill 250,000 Chinese in a 3-week period.

Communists and Nationalists resumed war after fighting Japan Communists were victorious in 1949 Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan) Civil War in China

March of Communism democracy.htmlhttp:// democracy.html What are your predictions?

Many Kuomintang converted to Communism Manchuria – taken over by Communists in 1948 –Japan had had control of it December, Communists in control Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan) Communists in Control – 1949

Communist China gained control over: –Chinese –Turkestan (Xinjiang) –Inner Mongolia –Manchuria –Tibet PRC = People’s Repblic of China (Communists) / ROC = Republic of China (Nationalists) Geographical Changes

Political Changes under Mao Communist government on mainland China Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) –Chairman Mao – chairman of the Communist party and leader of China –

First Five-Year Plan ( ) –Advances in agriculture and coal, electricity, iron, and steel production Second Five-Year Plan ( ) –“Great Leap Forward”“Great Leap Forward” China became a leading industrial country Peasants organized into communes Widespread catastrophe – famine – at least 14 million deaths (maybe even 40 million) Not recorded because Mao tells everyone of the glories of communism Melt down pots and pans for metal (meet quotas) Nothing to cook or farm with Lie in order to meet demands, sell off too much food Uneducated, bad harvest Students in China are not taught this history Economic Changes under Mao

“Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” –Anything that is anti-communist or anti-Mao is completely destroyed –Educated… killed –Buddhist… killed –Pro-dynasties… killed –Own Books… Killed –Mao hater… killed –Effort to revive interest in Mao’s ideas (and for Mao to regain power) after the failed Great Leap Forward –Mao claimed that “reactionary” elements were taking over the party –Call for youths to engage in post-revolutionary class warfare –Red Guards (consisting of young people) marched throughout China –Older alleged reactionaries removed from positions of power Cultural Revolution ( )

Get rid of the “4 OLDS” 1.Old Customs 2.Old Traditions 3.Old Habits 4.Old Ideas

Teenagers who have been indoctrinated –Believed they have been inspired –Youth completely manipulated by adults Force people to believe in Mao Red Guards start fighting each other because each Red Guard group believe they are better Maoists –Gang warfare Red Guards

The Chinese Communist Party is the core of the Chinese revolution, and its principles are based on Marxism-Leninism. Party criticism should be carried out within the Party. The revolution, and the recognition of class and class struggle, are necessary for peasants and the Chinese people to overcome both domestic and foreign enemy elements. This is not a simple, clean, or quick struggle. War is a continuation of politics, and there are at least two types: just (progressive) and unjust wars, which only serve bourgeois interests. While no one likes war, we must remain ready to wage just wars against imperialist agitations. A communist must be selfless, with the interests of the masses at heart. He must also possess a largeness of mind, as well as a practical, far-sighted mindset. Mao’s Little Red Book

Fighting is unpleasant, and the people of China would prefer not to do it at all. At the same time, they stand ready to wage a just struggle of self-preservation against reactionary elements, both foreign and domestic. China's road to modernization will be built on the principles of diligence and frugality. Nor will it be legitimate to relax if, 50 years later, modernization is realized on a mass scale. Women represent a great productive force in China, and equality among the sexes is one of the goals of communism. The multiple burdens which women must shoulder are to be eased. Mao’s Little Red Book

Youth occupy Tiananmen Square as a sit-down protest –For freedom –Not necessarily against government –Goal: want more democracy Youth occupy Square in April 1989 –June forced to disperse –June 3-4 night of massacre 5,000 people die The reason we know about it is because there were foreign journalists there who were protected by the protesters –Many died in order to protect journalists –China is forced to loosen up Tiananmen Square

TankTank Man This happened during Tiananmen Square, and this is how it’s remembered. remembered.

Review Questions 1.Which group led the Republican Revolution of 1912? 2.What common enemy united the Nationalists and Communists? 3.Who led the Communist Revolution? 4.Describe the Great Leap Forward. 5.Describe the Cultural Revolution. 6.What issues face China today?