POWER GENERATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT RESOURCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF ANY COUNTRY. RADIO-ACTIVE METALS LIKE URANIUM AND PLUTONIUM ARE USED IN NUCLEAR REACTORS FOR GENERATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY. INDIA HAS A VAST AMOUNT OF NUCLEAR RESERVES.WE HAVE ONE OF THE HIGHEST AMOUNT OF PLUTONIUM RESERVES IN THE WORLD

SINCE 1986,GROWTH IN NUCLEAR CAPACITY AROUND THE WORLD HAS AVERAGED 1.5% PER YEAR.GROWTH IN NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION HAS BEEN ALMOST TWICE AS FAST AS 2.9%PER YEAR MUCH OF THE INCREASE IS DUE TO THE IMPROVED PERFORMANCE AND INCREASED CAPACITY FACTORS OF EXISTING PLANTS

NUCLEAR FUEL TYPES THE VAST MAJORITY OF NUCLEAR FUEL USED TODAY CONSISTS OF URANIUM DI-OXIDE PELLETS CONTAINED IN A SEALED TUBE OF ZIRCONIUM ALLOY TO MAKE A FUEL ROD. THERE ARE MANY VARIATIONS IN THE WAY THE RODS ARE SUPPORTED IN ASSEMBLIES OR BUNDLES FOR USE IN THE REACTORS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN BOTH FUEL RODS AND ASSEMBLY STRUCTURE HAVE BEEN CONTINUOUS.

NUCLEAR REACTORS

HAZARDS IN REACTORS FISSION GAS RELEASE FUEL FAILURE IN NORMAL OPERATION

1.FISSION GAS RELEASE THE MAIN PROBLEM FOR FUEL DESIGNERS WISHING TO INCREASE BURNUP TODAY IS THAT OF FISSION GAS RELEASE. FISSION GAS IS GENERATED WITHIN THE FUEL DURING OPERATION,AND THE AMOUNT IS ROUGHLY PROPORTIONAL TO BURNUP.

2.FUEL FAILURE IN NORMAL OPERATION THE IMPROVEMENT IN FUEL FAILURE RATIO HAS BEEN VERY IMPORTANT OVER THE PAST TWENTY YEARS. FAILURE OCCURS WHEN THE CLADDING IS BREACHED,ALLOWING COOLANT TO ENTER THE FUEL ROD AND FISSION PRODUCTS TO ESCAPE. HOWEVER FAILED FUEL DOES RELEASE RADIOACTIVE TO THE PRIMARY COOLANT CIRCUIT AND THIS CAN CAUSE OPERATOR EXPOSURE WHICH IS UNWANTED

REMEDIAL MEASURES MANUFACTURING DEFECTS ARE REMEDIED THROUGH IMPROVED QUALITY ASSURANCE METHODS GRID ROD FRETTING WHICH IS CAUSED BY GRID SPRINGS RUBBING AGAINST FUEL RODS AND WEARING THROUGH THE CLADDING,AND WHICH HAS BEEN REDUCED THROUGH DETAILED DESIGN CHANGES TO ASSEMBLY GRIDS.

IMPROVED MANUFACTURING THE MANUFACTURERS OF NUCLEAR FUEL ARE ALSO IMPROVING AND UPGRADING THEIR CAPABILITIES. IMPROVED FUEL UTILISATION IS BEING ACHIEVED WITHIN ADVANCED GAS-COOLED REACTOR FUEL BY SMALL REDUCTION IN PELLET BORE SIZE&CLADDING WALL THICKNESS.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE FAMOUS NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS IN WORLD ARE GIVEN WITH FIGURES

NUCLEAR POWER STATION AT TARAPORE(INDIA)

NUCLEAR POWER STATION

INNER-VIEW OF A NUCLEAR POWER STATION

APPLICATIONS Over the past thirty years fuel has become more reliable and the original burnup levels have doubled, with LWR fuel now approaching 60GWd/Tu. It is believed that the current technology could support LWR burnup to even 100GWd/tU. All currentcriticality assessments have been made on the basis of a maximum enrichment level of 5%U-235 andlevels in excess of 8%U-235 are needed to reach the 100GWd/tU target. There is a large investment infuel manufacturing, transport and on-site handling which has been designed and built for the currentenrichment maximum of 5%U-235 and there is currently only one new manufacturing facility that is being designed for a 6%U-235 limit.

This is used to generate power in the countries those are not having the facilities of water,coal,fuel etc. This is very usefull in the production of the ATOMIC POWER which is used in the destruction purpose(IN WORLD WARS). Current nuclear fuel technology is capable of fuelling the advanced reactors that are starting to be built, and it is likely that the incremental improvements in fuel burnup, giving optimum utilisation, will be the main change over the next decade. By using this power we can generate MORE power in LESS time.

DISADVANTAGES 1.POLLUTION

POLLUTION is playing a main role in the production of the ELECTRICAL ENERGY using NUCLEAR REACTORS. Pollution is a main harard which is produced by this nuclear reactors. In the destruction purpose when this energy is used it will harms the normal people for a long time(many years)due to the RADIATION which is produced by this nuclear power reactors. Due to the RADIATION no plants are able to grown up in the area where there is a POLLUTION due to the elements of U-235.

When America destroyed the cities HIROSHIMA &NAGASAKI(JAPAN) by the ATOMIC BOMBS(i.e NUCLEAR ENERGY) there is on longer growth of the plants in those areas.So the people of that country grown the fields in the ships by importing the fertile from other countries and they are used to grow the fields on the towers of the buildings and in the under grounds. In those days the people of the country are having the problem of the PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED.Due to that radiation the pregnant ladies are also effected. RADIATION

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THANK YOU PRESENTED BY: 1)B.KRISHNA TANUZ 2)S.VEERA BABU