Scientific Method and Ocean Exploration Chapter Two Review
What is oceanography? The science of recording and describing the ocean’s contents and processes
What are the four main subcategories of Oceanography? Biology Chemistry Physics Geology
What are the five main steps of the scientific method? Observe a fact or problem Make a hypothesis Experiment Analyze Data Make a conclusion/communicate results
What is a hypothesis? A suggested explanation for an observation.
What is an independent variable? The variable that the experimenter changes.
What is a dependent variable? The variable that changes due to the independent variable changing
What is a control? A factor used in an experiment to show that the results of an experiment are actually a result of the conditions being tested.
What do latitude lines measure? Measure degrees North or South of the equator
What is another name for latitude lines? Parallels
What does longitude measure? Measure degrees East or West of the Prime Meridian
What is another name for longitude lines? Meridians
What does a sextant measure? Latitude
What two things does a sextant use to measure latitude? North star The horizon
What device allows the measurement of longitude? The chronometer
Which culture was the first to engage in long-distance sailing far from the sight of land? Polynesians
What continent did Charles Wilkes discover? Antarctica
What did the Chinese invent in 1000 A.D. ? The compass
What noted discovery was made by the H.M.S. Challenger 2? The Challenger deep Deepest point in the world Depth of the bottom of the Marianas Trench
Compare and contrast submersibles and SCUBA Submersibles High Cost Can hold two-three people Can go greater depths Harder to maneuver places SCUBA Low cost Individual use Shorter depths Easy to “grab and go” Both allow for deeper, longer underwater diving
What is the largest mountain range on Earth? The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
What did Pytheas do? Discovered you could predict tides in the ocean by phases of the moon Discovered how to find out how far North or South you are by using the North Star
What three things did Eratosthenes do? Realized the Earth was a sphere, not flat Found the circumference of the Earth Created the first latitude/longitude system
How much of the Earth is covered in water? 71%
How much of the Earth is covered in land? 29%
Of all the water on Earth, what percent of it is salt water? 97%
Of all the water on Earth, what percent of it is fresh water? 3%
What three things did early peoples travel to sea for? Food Trade Exploration
Matthew Maury contributed the first of what to oceanography? Textbook
What invention allowed oceanographers to study the seafloor without destroying it? Submarines
What is Amerigo Vespucci credited for? Recognizing South America was a new continent, separate from North America
What is Balboa credited for? Being the first person to reach the Pacific Ocean
What do Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholemeu Dias, and Vasco de Gama all have in common? They all went on voyages to find routes around Africa
Who led the first circumnavigation of the world? Ferdinand Magellan
Who led the second circumnavigation of the world? Sir Francis Drake
What voyage discovered marine organisms living on the seafloor for the first time? The Challenger I
What is the deepest ocean? Pacific Ocean
What ocean is the Marianas Trench located in? Pacific Ocean
What ocean is the Mid Atlantic Ridge located in? Atlantic Ocean
What is the smallest and shallowest ocean? Arctic Ocean
What year was the Southern ocean named? 2000
What ocean did the early Egyptians use for early sea trade? Indian Ocean
The Arctic ocean is expected to be ice free by what year? 2040
Darwin set sail on his voyage on the H.M.S. ______________. H.M.S. Beagle
What two theories did Darwin form? Coral reef formation Natural Selection
What does Darwin’s theory on coral reefs state? Coral reefs grow upwards even as their weight causes the seafloor to sink.
What invention uses radio transmitters on shore to aid in ship navigation? LORAN Navigation
Compare and contrast an AUV and an ROV. ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle Controlled by a person on a boat above water AUV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Roams on its own (pre-programmed)
Define GPS. Global Positioning System Uses orbiting satellites to pinpoint locations on Earth
What culture established trade routes throughout the Mediterranean and as far away as the British Isles? Phoenicians
What culture traded throughout the North Atlantic and briefly settled in North America? Vikings
What three countries did the Vikings discover? Iceland Greenland North America
What allowed the Vikings discoveries of these countries? Warm temperatures made the North Atlantic free of ice allowing for exploration
What is piloting? Navigating ships by using references and landmarks on shore Greeks are famous for doing this
What expedition was the first to use echo-soundings to map out the Atlantic seafloor? German Meteor
What two improvements did the Chinese make for their ships? Central Rudders Watertight Compartments
What expedition confirmed the existence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? The Challenger I
What expedition was built solely for scientific exploration and used echo- soundings to map the seafloor, carrying on the work of the German Meteor? Atlantis
Who is the father of physical oceanography? Matthew Maury
What changes did the Industrial Revolution bring to the way ships were built? Use of steel or iron instead of wood