1. History of Oceanography

2. Why Study The History of Oceanography?
1. It’s key to understanding how the oceans have shaped human society and how they may shape the future.
2. Oceanography’s past helps you understand why and how people apply marine sciences today.
3. It’s interesting! It grew out of humanity’s desire to explore.

3. History of Oceanography: 6 Stages
Don’t copy!!
1. Ancient Uses and Explorations: (5,000 B.C. to 799 A.D.) 2. The Middle Ages: (800 to 1399) 3. European Voyages of Discovery: ( ) 4. The Birth of Marine Science: ( ) 5. 20th Century Marine Science: ( ) 6. Modern Marine Science: (2000 – Present)

4. Timeline
Each person will be responsible for showcasing 1 of the main events in the history of Oceanography.
Front – event, picture to depict the event, & date
Back – VERY NEAT description explaining the discovery or event (min 5 sentences). How did it contribute to the history of oceanography?
Cite your sources in MLA Format!!!

5. Stage 1: Ancient Uses and Explorations
5,000 B.C. to 799 A.D.

6. Ancient Uses and Explorations
3 primary reasons for early civilizations to interact with the ocean:
Food
Trade
Exploration

7. Ancient Uses and Explorations
Earliest recorded sea voyage
Egyptians, 3200 B.C.
Ancient Phoenicians established 1st trade routes through the Mediterranean, 1200 B.C.
The north star was once called the Phoenician star. It’s the earlier record of using the North Star for navigation.

8. Ancient Uses and Explorations
The Polynesians were the first group to sail across the open ocean as opposed to staying close to shore.
Homemade canoes
Hawaii to Tahiti : 2,000 miles

9. Ancient Uses and Explorations
Ancient Greeks: First to use mathematical principles and develop sophisticated maps for seafaring
Greek Pytheas
Used the North Star for navigation and predicted tides in the Atlantic Ocean based on phases of the moon.
Greek Eratosthenes
Calculated Earth’s circumference and invented the first latitude/longitude system
Greek Herodotus
Made one of the first known maps

10. What is Latitude and Longitude?
Helps determine specific locations on the Earth’s surface
Latitude = Across
Longitude = Over

11. Stage 2: The Middle Ages
800 A.D. to 1399

12. The Middle Ages The “Dark Ages” (intellectual darkness)
Myths replaced knowledge
Example: The Greeks knew the Earth was round but the primary belief in the Middle Ages was that the Earth was flat
Viking Explorations
A warming global climate freed the North Atlantic of ice allowing the Vikings to explore westward
Dark Ages – refers to intellectual darkness in Europe. Communication between nations was poor and invaders from the north swept across Europe. Education became lesson common and myths took over.

13. Chinese Explorations and Discoveries
Responsible for making magnetic compass
Chinese used compasses beginning in 1125, but there is no record of compass use in Europe until 1190.

14. Stage 3: European Voyages of Discovery
1400 to 1699

15. Renaissance (Latin: “to be born again”)
New interest in ocean exploration
Motives: Economics, politics, religion
Bartholomeu Dias (1487)
Completed first voyage around Cape of Good Hope

16. Exploration of New World
Columbus, 1492
4 Voyages to find a route to Asia from Europe
Even though Columbus was Portuguese, he was commissioned by the Queen of Spain to find a faster route to India where all the spices were located. Land and sea were both very slow and the Cape of Good Hope was a very dangerous place to navigate. Columbus thought the world was much smaller than it is and he thought that after a few weeks he should be able to cross the Atlantic and end up in Asia. Instead, he landed in the Bahamas. Native people of N. America were called Indians because he thought he was in India. The name stuck. He thought San Salvador, Bahamas was Japan and Cuba was China.

17. Vespucci: recognized South America as new continent
Balboa: Crossed the isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean
Renewed hope that you could get to Asia by sailing west.
Magellan, 1519
Finally! Someone sails around the world!

18. *Magellan’s Voyage Voyage started with 5 ships and 260 men
1 Ship and 18 men returned
The rest died from disease and accidents
Magellan himself died in the Philippines fighting with islanders

20. Stage 4: The Birth of Marine Science
1700 to 1899

21. Captain James Cook Launched expeditions with science
and exploration as the only goals
First to use a Chronometer
An accurate clock that determines longitude at sea (could determine exact location)
Discovered Australia
Explored many Pacific Islands like Tahiti and Hawaii (where he was killed)

22. The United States Exploring Expedition
Sailed through the southern ocean for 4 years
Discovered Antarctica
Gathered specimens
Made maps
Mathew Maury
Father of Physical Oceanography
Studied currents and other physical aspects of the sea

23. Darwin H.M.S Beagle, 1831 Explored Galapagos Islands
Explained formation of coral reefs
Proposed theory of natural selection
The process by which organisms with favorable traits tend to live longer and reproduce more.
Proposed that coral reefs grow upward as the seafloor slowly sinks.

24. The Challenger Expedition
First expedition devoted entirely to Marine Science
(1872) sailed 4 years
Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data at regular intervals across the ocean

25. (23 yrs to examine all the info)
Data Collection
(23 yrs to examine all the info)
Discovered marine organisms in the deep ocean (people assumed nothing lived there)
Discovered Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Marianas Trench
Catalogued and identified 4,717 new species
Accomplishments of expedition were so great that NASA names a shuttle Challenger in its honor.

26. Industrial Revolution
Steam engines and iron ships
Submarines
The industrial revolution began in England in 1760 and took time to spread to other countries. U.S. didn’t start to notice the effects until later 19th century. Science and tech began accelerating rapidly. New ships meant we weren’t at the mercy of the wind. Submarines were a dream for a long time but the technology finally came about to make them a reality. Used mostly for warfare.

27. Stage 5: 20th Century Marine Science

28. 3 Important Expeditions
Meteor: Mapped Atlantic seafloor with echo-sounding technology
Atlantis: First ship specifically designed for ocean studies
H.M.S. Challenger II: Found deepest part of ocean within the Marianas Trench (Challenger Deep)
Meteor – first modern research cruise (German). Echo sounding equipment used to map ocean floor. Atlantis – Built on work done by the Meteor and confirmed existence of Mid-Ocean Ridge (another space shuttle named for it).

29. Submersibles Bathysphere Beebe and Barton Bathyscaphe
Trieste – first submersible to descend to bottom of Challenger Deep
Deep-diving submersible
Bathys = deep
Scaphe = boat
Previously, scientists had been studying the deep sea from the surface of the ocean (like trying to study the desert from an airplane). Bathysphere – steel ball with a window that dangled from a ship by a cable. Bad weather = bad news. Bathyscaphe – attached to a float instead of boat.

30. Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Scuba
Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Jacques Cousteau introduced first workable scuba gear. Previously Henry Fleuss invented a type of scuba that worked with pure oxygen. Couldn’t go more than 33 feet because it would be toxic.

31. Hydrothermal Vents
An opening in the seafloor where heated, mineral-rich water flows out.
Form at locations where seawater meets magma

32. The Titanic
Dr. Bob Ballard and his team discover the Titanic south of Newfoundland in 1985 (73 years after it sank in the Atlantic) at a depth of 12,000ft.

33. Stage 6: Modern Marine Science
Present

34. Census of Marine Life
A 10 year investigation of diversity, distribution and abundance of marine life.
A DECADE OF DISCOVERY  2,700 scientists  80+ nations  540 expeditions  US$ 650 million  2,600+ scientific publications  6,000+ potential new species  30 million distribution records and counting

35. 1st Solo Dive to the Mariana Trench
James Cameron and his team spent 7 years researching, designing and testing a submersible that could survive the pressure at 36,000 feet.
Deepsea Challenger
March 26, 2012

36. History of Oceanography: 5 Stages
Don’t copy!!
1. Ancient Uses and Explorations: (5,000 B.C. to 799 A.D.) 2. The Middle Ages: (800 to 1399) 3. European Voyages of Discovery: ( ) 4. The Birth of Marine Science: ( ) 5. 20th Century Marine Science: ( ) 6. Modern Marine Science: (2000-Present)