Chapter 10: Business Information Systems Development Nanda Ganesan, Ph.D.

INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Definitions System Information System System Development

System A collection of objects that work together to produced a desired functional outcome A system must have a purpose –Objectives

Information Systems Components Systems that are used on computers to process and provide information Components –Hardware –Software –Data –People –Procedure –Communications

Five Components + Communications

System Development Challenges Many projects never finish. Often % over budget. Some finish within budget and schedule, but don't accomplish goals. High risk of failure, even with competent people following an appropriate methodology. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

System Development Activities Process of creating and maintaining information systems Involves all five components of IS model

System Development Life-cycle (SDLC) A methodology used in the development of Information Systems An alternative approach to development is know as the Agile Development Methodology

System Development Life Cycle System development is a continuous cycle It is composed of the following activities –Planning –Analysis –Design –Testing and Implementation –Operation, support and security

System Develop Life Cycle (SDLC)

Participants in Systems Development

Phases of System Development Life Cycle Planning Analysis Design Implementation and Testing Operation, support and security phase Feedback to planning phase

Planning Review and approve Prioritize Allocate resources Form project teams –More on project planning and management will follow later

Analysis Preliminary investigation Detailed analysis –Study current system and user requirements and recommend changes System proposal –Packaged software – Horizontal and vertical –Custom software –Outsourcing

Design Creating technical specifications and acquiring hardware – RFI, RFP and RFQ Testing vendor proposals Detailed design Prototyping – Case tools Quality control

System Testing Test plan Product Quality Assurance (PQA) User testing –Develop test plans and test cases Beta testing –Final say on whether system is “production ready” Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Implementation Phase Develop programs Install and test new systems Train users Convert to the new system –Parallel –Phased –Pilot –Plunge

System Conversion Approaches Pilot Implement entire system in limited portion of business Limits exposure to business if system fails Phased System installed in phases or modules Each piece installed and tested Parallel Complete new and old systems run simultaneously Very safe, but expensive Plunge High risk if new system fails Only used if new system not vital to company operations Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Design and Implementation for the Five Components Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Operation, Support and Security User support Maintenance Training Performance monitoring System security

Q8: What are the Tasks for System Maintenance? Failure is a difference between what system does and what it is supposed to do. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Security System security will be covered in a later chapter

Managing the Systems Development Process as a Project Definition of mission, objectives and goals Outline of activities Time estimates Cost estimates Activity scheduling

Form a Project Team Typical development team Systems analyst and/or business analyst Managers Programmers Software testers Users Outside contractor Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Project Management Software Used for planning, scheduling and control Microsoft Project Some approaches –CPM –PERT chart

Critical Path Method (CPM) nHNAkfVQhttps:// nHNAkfVQ

Project Management Software

Gantt Chart

Difference Between PERT and Gantt Charts Gantt shows the sequence of each activity whereas PERT shows the interrelationship between activities

Differences between PERT and Gantt Charts e-between-gantt-charts-pert-charts htmlhttp://smallbusiness.chron.com/differenc e-between-gantt-charts-pert-charts html ology/software-technology/difference- between-gantt-and-pert-chart/ ology/software-technology/difference- between-gantt-and-pert-chart/

Feasibility Assessment Operational Scheduling Technical Economic

Other Related Activities Documentation Data and Information Gathering Techniques

DEVELOPMENT TOOLS, TECHNOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY

Languages Machine Assembly Procedural 4-GL Visual Programming Object-oriented

Procedural Language Known as third generation language –Source program Needs to be converted to machine language –Compiler or interpreter –Machine language is known as object program COBOL is an example

Interpreter

Object Oriented Programs Both code and other data are embedded into the program (object) modules Examples –Java –.net –C++ –C# –Visual Studio

Other Languages Python Ruby Cassandra – Big Data Pig – Big Data NoSQL

The Concept of Applets or Gadgets

More on Visual Studio Visual Studio Visual C++ Visual C# Defines visual programming –Above –Delphi –PowerBuilder

Visual Programming Example

4 GL Programming Languages SQL –An important database design language

SQL Example

Macros Used for performing repetitive actions –Example: Word and PowerPoint macros

Modules

Webpage Design HTML 5.0 – Primary language of web desigh XHTML XML WML

Scripts, Applets, Servlets and Active X Controls Adds dynamic content and interactive elements such as scrolling messages etc.

Scripting Languages Perl PHP VBScript

Web 2.0 Web 1.0 Web 2.0

Web Authoring Software Microsoft Expression Web SharePoint Designer Dreamweaver Flash

Cloud Computing Tools Google sites CMS –WordPress –Drupal –Joomla Etc.

CDS Content Distribution Systems (CDS) Distributes contents from geographically distributed servers and systems

Multimedia Development Audacity Sound Forge Microsoft Movie Maker Sony Vegas Final Cut

Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics Estimating just “theory.” Average of many people’s guesses Buy-in game Projects start with overly optimistic schedules and cost estimates When is a buy-in within accepted boundaries of conduct? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ethics Guide: Estimation Ethics Contractor agrees to produce system for less than what really costs –Time and materials contract –Fixed-cost contract In-house projects often started with buy-ins –Projects often start with hopes of more money later. –Team members disagree about costs. Do you report it? –Not all costs included in initial estimates. Report it? Do you buy-in on project schedule if you know you can’t make that schedule? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Guide: The Real Estimation Process Software developers are optimists. People can’t work all the time. Apply a factor like 0.6 to compute number of effective labor hours for each employee. Be aware of consequences of negotiating a schedule. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Case Study 10: Cost of PRIDE Typical example of a new software venture So focused on technology and making it work, they neglect to consider what will happen, longer term, if it is a success Some problem solutions involve staff training and procedures Flores and his partners need a longer term direction. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

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