Chapter 16 - Sound Sound waves are longitudinal waves with rarefaction and compression. As an object’s vibration moves toward air it creates a compression As the object moves away from air it creates a partial vacuum (rarefaction)
Sound travels faster through solids and liquids than through air. Sound can only travel as fast as the air molecules. (about 340 m/sec) Will sound travel faster in hot or cold air? (Why?)
The amplitude of a sound wave (the amount of compression) determines the loudness of the sound Loudness is measured in decibels (dB) Whisper 20 dB Loud conversation dB Loud music dB hearing damage starts Jackhammer 120 dB pain starts
The wavelength (or frequency) of a sound wave determines the pitch. The higher the frequency the shorter the wavelength (more energy) High frequency Low frequency wavelength
Doppler effect – the change in pitch resulting from a moving sound source (like a siren moving past you) The frequency changes as an object moves past you. Higher pitch – moving towards you Lower pitch – moving away from you
When something moves faster than sound, sound waves pile up and create a shock wave. (sonic boom) Shock Wave
Sonar – uses the time it takes for a sound wave to bounce back to determine distance. (a depth finder) Echolocation uses sonar to locate object (Dolphins, whales and bats use echolocation)