AP Comparative Review

U.KRUSSIACHINAMEXICONIGERIAIRAN Type of Government UnitaryFederalUnitaryFederal Unitary Head of State (Election Process & Term) -Queen Elizabeth -Hereditary/ Monarchy -Life -President -Vladimir Putin -Elected by people – 1 st ballot majority, 2 nd ballot top two -6 year term – increased from 4 yrs in 2012 (max 2 terms) -President -Xi Jinping (also Gen. Sec. of the CCP) -Elected by NPC 5 year term (two year max) - Doesn’t Apply -Ali Khameni (supreme leader) -Nominated by Assembly of Experts -Life

U.KRUSSIACHINAMEXICONIGERIAIRAN Head of Government (election process & term) -PM David Cameron (Tory) -Leader of the Majority party in House of Commons -- 5 year max term (no limit on the number of terms) -PM Dmitri Medvedev -Appointed and fired by President, approved by Duma (if rejected 3 times president can dissolve Duma -No set term -PM Wen Jiabao -Formally elected by National People’s Congress (NPC), but CCP really decides -No set terms -Enrique Pena Nieto -Directly elected by people -6 year term -Nonrenawble -Muhammadu Buhari -Directly elected (majority needed if 1- 2, if more than 2 a plurality, but need 25% of votes in 2/3 states) -4 year term (max. 2 terms) -Hassan Rouhani -Directly elected, but must be approved by the Guardian Council -4 year term (max 2 years) Presidential or Parliamentary system ParliamentaryMixed System (can see elements of both presidential & parliamentary) Does not applyPresidentialPresidential (parliamentary from ) Presidential - questionable

U.KRUSSIACHINAMEXICONIGERIAIRAN ConstitutionUnwrittenYes – 1993Yes – 1982 (1988 & 93 amendments) Yes – 1920sYes – 1979 (most recent 1999) Yes Legislative Upper House House of Lords, about 800 members Federation Council 178 (2 per region) Unicameral Legislature Senate 128 members Senate 109 members Guardian Council, 12 members Upper House Election Procedures -Life Peer (about 700), appointed by Prime Minister -Hereditary Peer (about 92), gained bc of family -1 member elected by the state legislature, 1 elected by the state executive -Term the same as the body that selected it, but not more than 5 years Not Applicable-6 year term -3 per state by simple majority and one from the largest majority party -4 year term (elected at the same time as the lower house) -3 equal districts per state & one from the federal capital - Selected by Supreme Leader & Chief Justice with Majles stamp of approval

U.KRUSSIACHINAMEXICONIGERIAIRAN Legislature Lower House House of Commons (659 members) State Duma (450 members) National People’s Congress (3,000 members) Chamber of Deputies (500 members) House of Rep. (360 members) Majles (290 members) Lower House Election Procedures -5 year max term unless dissolved -SMD Plurality -4 year max term unless dissolved -Selected by PR (prop. rep. since 2007) -5 year term, but only meets 2 weeks per year -Indirect election by provincial level, which is elected by city-level -3 year term -300 members by SMD-200 by PR -4 year term (elected at the same time as the upper house) -SMD Plurality -4 years -SMD Plurality w/ Guardian Council approval

U.KRUSSIACHINAMEXICONIGERIAIRAN Major Political Parties -Labour -Conservative (Tory) -Liberal Democrats -United Russia -Communist party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) -Liberal Democrats -Fair Russia -Chinese Communist Party (CCP) -“Allows” 8 other democratic parties, but officially a one party state – CCP holds the power -PRI -PAN -PRD -The People’s Democratic Party (PDP) -All Nigeria People’s Party (ANPP) -Action Congress (AC) -Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran -Iranian Reform Movement -Etemad-e Melli Party JudicialLimited, Highest Court Law Lords – members of the House of Lords Considered an independent judiciary Constitutional Court the highest Court – 19 members appointed by president & confirmed by Fed. Council. Also a Supreme Court which is strictly appellate. Question whether it is independent from Exec. “People’s Court” – still controlled by the CCP, not fully independent. Acts swiftly and harshly Does not have a fully independent judiciary. Has both state & federal courts. Supreme Court is the highest court. Judges appointed for life, but tend to resign at the beginning of a new presidential term – courts can’t alter policy, under control of the president. Supreme Court highest in the land – two types of courts, Sharia and those based on British model. Many judges not well versed in law & manipulated by the gov’t. Headed by Chief Justice, rules by Sharia not Const. Law. Supreme Leader, Guardian Council, & Assembly of Rel. Experts have the final say regarding interpretation of the law & whether qanun fits with sharia law.

U.KRUSSIACHINAMEXICONIGERIAIRAN Women’s Rights (% of women in the leg. In 2006) 19.5% - lower upper 14% - lower 4.7% - upper 21.3%22.6% - lower 18% - upper 7% - lower 8.3% - upper 2.8% “equality w/ difference” EconomyMixed – socialist & capitalist Shock Therapy introduced a free-market economy, but do they have the background to maintain it? Communist with certain areas where capitalism is allowed Capitalist (mixed) Mixed economy w/ many gov’t owned corporations, but some private industry as well LegitimacyHigh Legitimacy -Unwritten Constitution -Longevity -Social Compacts -Strong political traditions Moderate Legitimacy -Constitution -Smooth transition in power -Strong leadership Moderate Legitimacy -Constitution -Charismatic leaders -Tradition Moderate to High Legitimacy -Constitution -Revolutions have been seen as successful paths to change -Charismatic leaders -PRI strong pol. Party that stabilized gov’t Low Legitimacy -Constitution -Sharia Law (north) -Military Moderate to high legitimacy -Constitution -Religious Traditions -Charismatic Leaders -Sharia Law

U.KRUSSIACHINAMEXICONIGERIAIRAN Cleavages-Multi- national identities -Social Class distinctions -Ethnic minorities -Nationality (especially Chechnya) -Religion -Social class -Rural/urban -Ethnic -Urban/rural -urban/rural -Social class -Mestizo v. Amerindian -North v. South -Ethnicity -Religion -North v. South -Urban/Rural -Social Class -Religion -Ethnicity -Social class -Reformers v. conservatives -Pragmatic conservatives v. radical clerics Classification of State Developed StateFormer Communist State Communist State Newly Industrialized State Less Developed State Islamic State How long the current regime or government has been in place Forever – maybe it just feels like it ( th Republic est.) 1979