Handled by, R.PRADEEPA, M.E Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engg, PITS.

SURVEYING - I OBJECTIVE : At the end of the course the student will posses knowledge about Chain surveying, Compass surveying, Plane table surveying, Leveling, Theodolite surveying and Engineering surveys.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND CHAIN SURVEYING Definition, Principles & Classifications Field and office work Scales Conventional signs Survey instruments & their care and adjustment Ranging and chaining, Reciprocal ranging, Setting perpendiculars well – conditioned triangles Traversing – Plotting – Enlarging and reducing figures.

INSTRUMENTS IN CHAIN SURVEYING ChainCross staffPlumb bobRanging rodArrows

INSTRUMENTS CHAIN - Used for Linear Measurements RANGING RODS – Used for ranging the lines and for marking the positions. ARROWS – Used to mark the end of each chain during chainage. OFFSET RODS – Used to measure rough offsets. CROSS STAFF – Used to set a perpendicular at a given point on the chain line OPTICAL SQUARE – used to set a perpendicular with more accuracy.

UNIT II COMPASS SURVEYING AND PLANE TABLE SURVEYING Prismatic compass Surveyor’s compass Bearing – Systems and conversions Local attraction – Magnetic declination – Dip Traversing – Plotting – Adjustment of errors Plane table instruments and accessories – Merits and demerits Methods – Radiation – Intersection – Resection Traversing.

COMPASS SURVEY Utility of Compass in Survey : Very useful for mountain, forestry, geological and other types of survey works. The permanently mounted circular spirit level ensures easy and fast leveling. Ensures greater degree of accuracy.

INSTRUMENTS Prismatic Compass – reading increases from 0ْ at south and to 90ْ at west, 180ْ at North and 270ْ at east Tripod stand

UNIT III LEVELLING AND APPLICATIONS Level line – Horizontal line – Levels and staves – Spirit level – Sensitiveness – Bench marks – Temporary and permanent adjustments Fly and check leveling Booking Reduction Curvature and refraction Reciprocal leveling Longitudinal and cross sections – Plotting Calculation of areas and volumes Contouring – Methods – Characteristics and uses of contours Plotting – Earth work volume – Capacity of reservoirs

INSTRUMENTS USED Dumpy Level with TripodCross Staff Dumpy Level

UNIT IV THEODOLITE SURVEYING Theodolite Vernier and microptic – Description and uses Temporary and permanent adjustments of vernier transit Horizontal angles Vertical angles Heights and distances Traversing – Closing error and distribution Gale’s tables Omitted measurements

THEODOLITE

UNIT V ENGINEERING SURVEYS Reconnaissance Preliminary and location surveys for engineering projects Lay out – Setting out works Route Surveys for highways – Railways and waterways – Curve ranging – Horizontal and vertical curves – Simple curves Setting with chain and tapes tangential angles by theodolite Double theodolite Basic concept of Compound and reverse curves Transition curves – Functions and requirements Setting out by offsets and angles Vertical curves Sight distances.

Introduction to route survey for Roadways, Railways and Waterways. Requirements of Transition curves in route survey Find out angles of various route survey by using theodolite. Determination of sight distances using linear and angular measurements.

ASSIGNMENT TOPICS: Method of chaining on slope and field work with symbols Transit Theodolite and its adjustments Vertical curves and its settings

SEMINAR TOPICS: Reconnaissance survey Methods of Traversing Reciprocal leveling Angle measurements Transition curves Types of compass and Methods of plane tabling Different types of levels and Description of dumpy level.

URL’S: wwwww.indiastudychannel.com w.compasssurveying.com en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_table f f en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/.../core/.../elevation.ht ml

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