© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7: Ethnicity The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicity Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos, meaning “national” –Ethnicities share a cultural identity and background with people from the same homeland or hearth –Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits Race = people who share a biological ancestor (skin color, hair type, physical features, etc.) **Unlike religion and language, ethnicity hard to change & has strongest ability to fight globalization

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? Distribution of ethnicities in the United States –Hispanics (Latinos) = 15 (16.3% in 2010) percent of the U.S. population –African Americans = 13 (12.6 % in 2010) percent of the U.S. population –Asian Americans = 4 (4.8% in 2010) percent of the U.S. population –American Indians = 1 (.9% in 2010) percent of the U.S. population ** White/Caucasian= majority (over 60%)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Hispanics in the United States Figure 7-1

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of African Americans in the United States Figure 7-2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Asian Americans in the United States Figure 7-3

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of American Indians in the United States Figure 7-4

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? Concentration of ethnicities in U.S. cities –90 percent of African Americans and Hispanics live in cities (vs. 75% for all Americans) –Remnants of twentieth-century European migration = still evident on the landscape Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy, Greektown However, descendants of European immigrants-> ethnic identity is more likely to be retained through religion, food, and other cultural traditions vs. location of residence

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Ethnicities in Chicago and Los Angeles Figure 7-5Figure 7-6

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? African American migration patterns –Three major migration patterns Forced migration from Africa (eighteenth century) –The triangular slave trade Immigration from the South to northern cities (first 1/2 of the 20 th century: The Great Migration, 2 major waves from & ) –Identifiable paths of migration= moved NORTH and WEST (moved for financial reasons & discrimination) Immigration out of inner cities (ghettos) to other urban areas (second half of the twentieth century to present, starting in 1950s)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Triangular Slave Pattern Figure 7-8

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. African American Migration in the United States (Twentieth Century) Figure 7-10

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? Differentiating ethnicity and race –Often confusing (especially the Census!) ** ethnicities vs. races (can check more than 1 box) Ex: Hispanic/Latino not considered a race but is considered an ethnic group (self-select) –Race = traits that are shared genetically Biological features within one racial group are highly variable Biological classification of people into distinct racial groups is meaningless (basis of racism) Spatial effects of racism –“Separate but equal”; “White flight” “Blockbusting” –Apartheid in South Africa (legal segregation by creating 10 homelands)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Apartheid Figure 7-13

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Nationality = identity with a group of people who share a common & legal allegiance to a particular country (born there) Ethnicity= shared cultural values derive from religion, language & material culture vs. Nationality= shared cultural values derive from voting, obtaining a passport, performing civic duties (legal duties) –Nation-state= state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality (desire for self-rule, often in past) Denmark (people w/shared history & language) vs. Greenland (not shared history= Inuit people) Nation-states in Europe (Germany example!) by 1900s –Nationalism = centripetal (directed towards center) force (vs. centrifugal= spread out from center) to unify people

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nation-states in Europe Figure 7-15

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? –State: an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal & foreign affairs –Multiethnic state (a state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity) Example: the United States –Multinational state (a state with 2+ ethnic groups w/traditions of self-determination who retain their own distinctive national identity & co-exist) Example: the United Kingdom (contains 4 nationalities) –Strongest source of national identity= sports (soccer)! Example: Russia (the largest multinational state today w/39 ethnicities= problems…Chechnya…keep for oil!) ** Former Soviet Union even larger w/14 other ethnicities! (3 Baltic, 3 European, 5 Central Asian, 3 Caucasus)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Russia Figure 7-18

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problems in other areas… Turmoil in the Caucasus Region (Area between Russia & Middle East) –Ethnic problems grew after the break-up of the Soviet Union (no longer under strict control by Soviets) –Revived long-term rivalries and disputes between neighboring ethnicities –Ethnicities that WERE able to create new nation- states in the 1990s: Armenia, Azerbaijan, & Georgia –Ethnicities that WEREN’T able to create new nation- states (still disgruntled today): Abkhazians, Chechens, Kurds,& Ossetians, etc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Reason # 1: Ethnic competition between groups to dominate nationality (leads to civil wars!) –Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa Ethiopia and Eritrea Sudan Somalia –Ethnic competition in Lebanon Religious and ethnic differences

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa Figure 7-21

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Lebanon Figure 7-23

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Reason # 2: Dividing ethnicities among more than one state –Dividing ethnicities in South Asia Kurds of Iraq & Turkey India and Pakistan –Kashmir Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Division in South Asia Figure 7-24

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing = process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful group from their territory –The purpose is not to subjugate, but to remove –Today, most ethnic cleansing happens in Europe and Africa

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing in Europe –Largest forced migration = 1939–1945 Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly removed by Nazis –The former Yugoslavia (Balkan Area) Creation of multiethnic Yugoslavia after WWI (failed multiethnic state vs. United States) The breakup of Yugoslavia in 1980s –Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia (Serbs against Muslims & Croats) –Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo (Serbs against Albanians); became country in 2008 (Serbia & Russia don’t ack.) –Balkanization (process by which a state breaks down through conflicts amoung its ethnicities)= WWI

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Balkans in 1914 Figure 7-29

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing in central Africa –Most boundaries in Africa do not correspond to ethnic groups (thousands of tribes!) –Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi destabilizes the region Ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda Refugees spill into neighboring countries Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil war; still having problems today

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Africa Figure 7-33

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Political Geography