Directional and Anatomical Location Terminology

Anatomical Position Anatomical position Body standing erect (upright) Standard reference point Body standing erect (upright) Facing forward Arms at side Palms and toes directed forward

Reference Positions Fundamental position Relative angle Similar to anatomical position Arms more relaxed Palms face inward Relative angle Included angle between two segments 3

Cardinal Planes Sagittal Left and right halves Mediolateral axis Midsagittal plane Frontal (coronal) Front and back halves Anteroposterior axis Transverse (horizontal) Upper and lower halves Longitudinal axis Many other planes exist 4

Cranial Caudal Superior Inferior

Anterior: Posterior:

Ventral: Dorsal:

Superficial Deep

Medial: Lateral:

Distal: Proximal:

Ipsilateral – on the same side Contralateral – on opposite sides

Flexion & Extension Flexion Extension Hyperflexion Hyperextension Decreasing joint angle Extension Increasing joint angle Hyperflexion Flexion beyond normal range Hyperextension Extension beyond normal range 12

Abduction & Adduction Abduction Adduction Hyperabduction Moving away from midline Adduction Moving toward midline Hyperabduction Abduction past 180° point Hyperadduction Adduction past 0° point 13

Movement Descriptors Circumduction: Movement in a conic fashion Combination of flex, ext, abd, add, IR, ER

Movement Descriptors Inversion Eversion Lift medial edge of foot Lift lateral edge of foot

Movement Descriptors Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion Increase angle between foot and shank Dorsiflexion Decrease angle between foot and shank

Movement of the Scapulae Elevation – raising the scapula (shrug) Depression – lowering the scapula

Movement of the Scapulae Protraction – move scapulae apart Retraction – move scapulae together

Movement of the Scapulae Upward rotation – bottom of scapula moves away from trunk Downward rotation – return to normal

Other Movement Descriptors Horizontal adduction Combination of flexion and adduction Horizontal abduction Combination of extension and abduction

Other Movement Descriptors Rotation Medial (internal) or lateral (external) Right/left for head and trunk Shoulder or hip 21

Other Movement Descriptors Medial/Internal Rotation: rotation of the bone inward around the long axis of the bone

Other Movement Descriptors Lateral/External Rotation: rotation of the bone outward around the long axis of the bone

Specialized Movement Descriptors Lateral Flexion: Head or trunk only Example: head tilts sideways

Specialized Movement Descriptors Supination – turn palms frontward Pronation – turn palms backward Radial flexion – hand toward thumb Ulnar flexion – hand toward little finger Opposition – Thumb to little finger

Movement Descriptors of the Foot Plantarflexion Increase angle between foot and shank Dorsiflexion Decrease angle between foot and shank Inversion Lift medial edge of foot Eversion Lift lateral edge of foot 26

Pronation and Supination of the Foot Pronation and supination of the feet are not the same as inversion and eversion Pronation of the foot Dorsiflexion at the ankle Eversion in the tarsals Abduction of the forefoot Supination of the foot Plantarflexion at the ankle Inversion in the tarsals Adduction of the forefoot 27

Specialized Movement Descriptors Anterior Tilt Posterior Tilt Lateral Tilt

Degrees of Freedom Degree of freedom 1 degree of freedom Number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move 1 degree of freedom Uniaxial Example: Elbow 2 degrees of freedom Biaxial Example: Wrist 3 degrees of freedom Triaxial Example: Shoulder 29

Planes, Directions and Positions Planes of Movement Sagittal Frontal Transverse Directions and Positions Superior Inferior Posterior Anterior

Directions and Positions Proximal Distal Medial Lateral Superficial Deep

Movements/Body - Spine and Thorax, Neck Movements of the Body Spine and Thorax (vertebral column) Neck (cervical spine)

Movements/Body - Ribs/Thorax Customize text here…

Movements/Body - Scapula (scapulothoracic joint)

Movements/Body - Shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Movements/Body - Elbow and Forearm (humeroulnar and humeroradial joints – elbow, proximal and distal radioulnar joints – forearm)

Movements/Body - Wrist (radiocarpal joint)

Movements/Body - Thumb and Fingers (first carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints) Fingers (metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints)

Movements/Body - Mandible and Pelvis (temporomandibular joint) Pelvis

Movements/Body - Hip Hip (coxal joint)

Movements/Body - Knee Knee (tibiofemoral joint)

Movements/Body - Ankle, Foot and Toes (talocrural, talotarsal, midtarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints)

Types of Joints Types of Joints Ball-and-Socket Joint Ellipsoid Joint Saddle Joint Hinge Joint Gliding Joint Pivot Joint