AUTONOMIC DRUGS (Adrenergic and Antiadrenergic Drugs) Presented by Sasan Zaeri (PharmD, PhD)

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Presentation transcript:

AUTONOMIC DRUGS (Adrenergic and Antiadrenergic Drugs) Presented by Sasan Zaeri (PharmD, PhD)

Adrenergic Agonists

آگونیستهای آدرنرژیک  داروهای این گروه به نحوی عملکرد سیستم اعصاب سمپاتیک را تقلید می کنند

Direct acting adrenergic drugs

Location Receptor type Effect HeartΒ 1, β 2 ↑ heart rate ↑ force of contraction Vascular Smooth Muscle: Skin and splanchnic vessels α1α1 constriction Skeletal muscle vessels β2 β2 dilation Other smooth muscle: Bronchioleβ2β2 dilation Uterineβ2β2 relaxation GI tractα and βrelaxation Eye: Radial pupillary dilatorα1α1 contraction (mydriasis) Ciliary epitheliumβ ↑ secretion of aqueous humor

Beta I Receptor Activation  Beta 1 receptors are located in the heart  Therapeutic uses  Cardiac arrest  Heart failure  Shock  Atrioventricular (AV) block

Beta II Receptor Activation  Beta 2 receptors are located in the lung and uterine  Therapeutic uses  Asthma  Delaying of preterm labor

Alpha I Receptor Activation  Alpha 1 response: Constriction of blood vessels & mydriasis  Therapeutic uses  Vasoconstriction  Mydriasis  Nasal or ophthalmic decongestion

Alpha II Receptor Activation  Alpha 2 receptors are located pre- synaptically  Activation inhibits NE release  Activation of alpha 2 receptors in CNS is very important: causes reduction of sympathetic response in heart and blood vessels

Indications for use of adrenergic drugs:  Cardiac arrest:  Cardiac stimulant ( β 1 )  Hypotension and shock:  Increase blood pressure ( α 1 )  Asthma:  Bronchodilators ( β 2 )  Ophthalmic or nasal congestion:  Decongestant ( α 1 ) (oral or topical decongestant)  Prevention of preterm labor: Tocolytic ( β 2 )

Properties of Representative Adrenergic Agonists  Epinephrine Therapeutic uses To cause vasoconstriction Treatment of sever asthma Treatment of anaphylactic shock

Phenylephrine  در درمان گرفتگی بینی به صورت قطره به کار می رود و بطور اختصاصی گیرنده آلفا 1 را تحریک می کند. تحریک این گیرنده باعث انقباض عروق بینی و آزاد شدن مسیر عبور هوا می شود.  برای ایجاد میدریازهم کاربرد دارد

Salbutamol:  Selective β 2 agonist  Dilates bronchial smooth muscle  Clinical use:  Antiasthmatic

کلونیدین کلونیدین یک تحریک کننده گیرنده آلفا 2 می باشد. تحریک گیرنده آلفا 2 منجر به کاهش خروجی سمپاتیک در سیستم اعصاب مرکزی می گردد. از این دارو برای کاهش تحریک سمپاتیک قلب و مهار ترشح نور اپی نفرین استفاده می شود.

 dobutamine و isoproterenol داروهای محرک گیرنده بتا 1 برای افزایش ضربان و قدرت قلب در شرایطی که این شاخصهای قلبی کاهش یافته اند استفاده می شوند موثر در شوک قلبی

مقلدهای غیر مستقیم سیستم سمپاتیک  باعث آزاد شدن نوراپی نفرین ذخیره شده در انتهای اعصاب سمپاتیک می شوند.  از جمله این مواد سودوافدرین در درمان گرفتگی بینی کاربردهایی دارند.  آمفتامین به عنوان یک داروی ممنوعه شناخته می شود و محرک سیستم اعصاب سمپاتیک می باشد. این دارو یک افزایش دهنده فشار خون و حافظه تلقی می گردد.

Antiadrenergic Drugs

ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS  Also called sympatholytic drugs  Classified according to their site of action  α – adrenergic antagonists  β – adrenergic antagonists  α 2 – adrenergic agonists

α antagonists  Phenoxybenzamine:  Irreversible antagonist  Used to treat pheochromocytoma (catecholamine- secreting tumour of the chromaffin tissue)  Prazocin:  Relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessels; increases dilation of blood vessels; and decreases blood pressure  Caution: orthostatic hypotention

ß-Adrenergic Blockers  Are selective or nonselective  Nonselective beta-blockers affect beta1 receptor sites located mainly in the heart and beta2 receptor sites located in the bronchi, blood vessels, and uterine  Propanolol

ß-Adrenergic Blockers  Selective beta-blockers primarily affect beta1 receptor  Atenolol and metoprolol

ß-Adrenergic Blockers  Effects on the heart include:  decreased heart rate  decreased force of heart contractions  decreased blood pressure

ß-Adrenergic Blockers  Clinical uses:  Ischemic heart disease:  ↓ HR and force of contraction  Lessens work of heart  Hypertension  Arrhythmias

ß-Adrenergic Blockers  Also used to treat  Tremor  Stage fright  Cardiovascular symptoms associated with thyrotoxicosis  Migraine headaches  Glaucoma

سوال :  بیماری مبتلا به پرکاری تیروئید با علائم تیپیک بیماری به پزشک مراجعه کرده است در معاینه تعداد ضربان قلب بیمار 140 ضربه در دقیقه ثبت می گردد پزشک قبل از تجویز داروهای ضد تیروئید برای بیمار یک مهار کننده گیرنده بتا تجویز می کند. دلیل چنین تجویزی چیست؟

ß-Adrenergic Blockers  Caution for diabetics  β – antagonists will suppress glycogenolysis and delay recovery during hypoglycemic episodes  Any β – antagonist will mask tachycardia – a warning sign of hypoglycemic events  β 1 – selective antagonist is better choice

ß-Adrenergic Blockers  Adverse effects:  Bradycardia and heart block  Bronchospasm  Drug interactions:  Other antihypertensive agents  Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents