Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3/E David Capuzzi & Mark D. Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 16 Substance Abuse Prevention Programs across the Life-Span Updated by Melinda Haley, Walden University

The Need for Prevention Programs for Children and Adolescents Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Approximately 23.9 million Americans from age 12 or older have used illicit drugs within the last 30 days. Substance use/abuse usually initiated during childhood or adolescence Increasing varieties of drugs available Major increase in prescription drug and inhalant use by adolescents

Consequences of Use for Youth Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Greater likelihood of high-risk behaviors HIV/AIDS Legal problems Instant death or brain damage Bad drug interactions, “huffing” Younger onset leads to worse outcomes Cognitive, interpersonal, and educational Brain is still-developing

Public Health Prevention Program Models Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Primary Target problem behaviors before symptoms occur Secondary Stop behavior before it escalates Tertiary Reduce risk of further harm Juvenile drug court, mandated counseling

Evidenced-Based Prevention Programs Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved These programs do the following: Reduce supply or demand for substances of abuse. Strengthen the norms of healthy living. Strengthen healthy life skills. Strengthen family functioning. Make certain the intervention is culturally appropriate.

Program Needs Assessment Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Four types of need indicators: Drug use indicators Types of drugs and prevalence rate of use Problem behavior indicators Caused by addictions Psychological/developmental characteristics Age-related factors and low self-esteem Social or economic conditions Poverty, high crime rates and discrimination

Prevention Program Strategies Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1) School/college-based prevention programs 2) Mass media campaigns 3) Early diagnosis and treatment of emotional problems 4) Improvement of personal and interpersonal skills 5) Harm reduction programs 6) Restrictions of access to drugs 7) Juvenile drug court, drug court, and other diversionary programs 8) Improving family and parenting skills, reducing child abuse 9) Multimodal programs (a little of everything)

School-Based Prevention Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Educate young people on the dangers of drug use Encourage healthy alternatives Adolescent programs focus on “gateway drugs”: tobacco, alcohol, marijuana Drug Abuse Awareness and Resistance (DARE) No positive long-term outcome

Prevention in Institutes of Higher Education Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Universities and colleges should: Ban use on campus, including at sports and recreation events Ban smoking Comprehensive health and counseling services Refuse endorsements Hold classes and exams on Fridays and Saturdays

Harm-Reduction Programs Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Abstinence until age 21 is unreasonable Education Early intervention if needed International support “Friends don’t let friends drive drunk”

Mass Media Campaigns Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Scare tactics not effective with thrill seekers Often target refusal skills Parents as “the antidrug” Not effective with youth Change parents attitudes and behaviors

Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Emotional Problems Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Target co-occurrence of substance abuse and psychiatric problems 64-71% of adolescents in addiction treatment have another diagnosis

Restriction of Drug Access Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Border patrols Pressuring drug-producing countries Incarcerating drug suppliers Arrest rate for youth has doubled in 10 years

Juvenile Drug Court Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 80% of youth in jail are there for crimes related to drugs and alcohol Of these, 44% meet diagnosis criteria for abuse or dependence Once in jail only 1.6% receives treatment for addiction

Juvenile Drug Court, (continued) Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Team approach Legal Substance abuse treatment providers Youth and family Social workers, counselors Educators Supervised by parole officer, drug tested If fail to meet treatment plan, sent to jail Cost effective

Risk Reduction and Protective Programs Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Decrease risk Increase protective/resiliency factors Risk and protective factors community-specific  Personal  Family  Community  School  Peer Groups  Demographic

Multimodal Programs Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ecological Systems Theory Youth impacted by Socioeconomic, environmental, cultural factors, family relations, parenting behaviors and competency Target all these to make a difference Involve parents, peers, teachers Adolescent Transition Program (ATP) Family resource room, counseling, parent training

Prevention Outcomes Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Effective programs Social-skills training Parental involvement Peers as educators and mediators Partnerships with community members Drug testing with counseling and parental notification Ineffective Focusing on single factors Teaching a few specific skills

Five Essential Components of Effective Programs Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adequate contact hours – exposure lasting at least three (3) years Involvement of peers Emphasis on refusal, social, and decision-making skills Change in students’ expectations and definitions of “normal behavior” Involvement of parents, peers, and community members

Useful Web Sites Foundations of Addictions Counseling, 3e Capuzzi & Stauffer Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Partnership at Drugfree.org NIDA for Teens