Calvinism ► Huldrych Zwingli started his reform of the Catholic Church in Switzerland, during the early 1500’s. ► His work was carried on by John Calvin. ► Calvinists followed the book the Institutions of the Christian Religion. ► Calvin relied on faith and the Bible.

Calvinism ► Predestination: the idea that at the beginning of time, God had decided who would be saved. ► It was a theocracy: a government ruled by religious leaders who claimed God’s authority. ► People who converted to Calvinism were called Huguenots many of them from France.

The Counter- Reformation The Catholic Church Gets Even!

The Council of Trent ► Who: called for by Pope Paul III ( ), and Pope Paul IV ( ) and attended by all the Churches Bishops ► When: ► Where: Trent, Italy (modern day Trento) ► Why: To combat the growing popularity of the protestant faiths, and to reform the problems within the Church.

The Council of Trent: Why? ► The council had the task of reforming the following aspects:  To condemn Protestantism  To define the doctrines of the Catholic Church on all disputed points ► Justification (people are saved through a combination of faith and good deeds) ► Transubstantiation (the Eucharist actually turns to the body of Christ) ► No Divorce (sorry Henry VIII)  The Church held firm to all dogma!

Why? Cont. ► Major Reforms were made in an attempt to rid the Church administrations (from local priest to the Pope) of corruption in the areas of:  Sale of Indulgences (main cause of concern)  Morals of Convents  Education of Clergy  Dueling between Clergy  Excessive Land “gifts” for Bishops

Soldiers of the Counter-Reformation ► Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuits in Pope Paul III recognized the Jesuits as an official order of the Catholic Church. ► Loyola believed and enforced the idea that salvation was achieved not only through faith, but also through doing good deeds. ► Spread Catholicism around the world through education via building schools.

The Inquisition ► The Inquisition’s task was to hunt out heretics. ► Anybody accused by the Inquisition was guilty until they could prove their innocence. ► The accused were allowed to be tortured - as were witnesses. If you were found guilty, your punishments ranged from execution to the confiscation of your property.

The Index of FORBIDDEN Books ► Strictly called the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum". ► The Index of forbidden books- a list of books that Catholics were forbidden to read. It was basically a censorship on writing and it was believed that the Index would act as an effective agent against heresy.

Welcome to the Council of Trent! ► We are taking you back to the year 1545, to the Italian city of Trent. ► Each Group will be assigned a different role. ► Each Group needs to have: a recorder, spokes person, research leader ► Please Read Your Role Carefully and try and pull as much information out of it as possible! ► Also, you will be required to pull information out of your text.

Welcome to the Council of Trent! ► We will be debating the following questions (make sure your position on each is clearly defined):  Sale of Indulgences?  Faith in the Pope?  Opinion of the Protestant Reformation?  What are the requirements for salvation (faith? Good deeds?)

Results: ► chastised the secular nature of the Renaissance Church ► Reaffirmed their right to “sell indulgences” as long as it was done without corruption and moderation was observed ► the organization of religious institutions was tightened, ► discipline was improved within the clergy, ► the parish was emphasized,

Results Cont. ► the appointment of Bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated, ► the bishops were no longer to hold land (the Church was) ► New religious orders became popular (mainly the Jesuits) ► Book Burning ► Inquisition

EXIT PASS ► On your own piece of paper answer the following questions: ► How effective was the Counter-Reformation in counteracting the Protestant Reformation? ► In your opinion was the Counter- Reformation largely positive or negative and why?