???WHAT??? Kayla falls from the top of the pyramid at cheerleading practice. She becomes unconscious and the Paramedics are called. When she wakes up she is disoriented. After about 5 minutes she is only orientated to person and place. She is taken to a local hospital where she is suspected to have a CHI. The doctor orders a CT and N/V checks q 2 minutes. What is wrong with Kayla? Write down the words in red and write what you think they mean.

After eating at an all you can eat buffet, Josh has N/V and has pain in the RUQ. Josh was starting to feel bloated and is having diarrhea. He goes to the ER and the ER doctor writes an order for U.S. stat and for him to remain NPO for 6 hours. He also orders N.S. at TKO and MS 2-4mg prn q 4- 6hrs.

Introduction Unit 1

Word Roots Contain basic meaning of the term Usually, but not always, indicate the involved body part

Suffixes Usually, but not always, indicate the procedure, condition, disorder or disease Suffixes always come at the end of the word Combining vowel rules apply when adding a suffix to a root word

Suffix Examples -plastysurgical repair -itisinflammation -megalyenlargement -osisabnormal condition/disease

Prefixes Usually, but not always, indicate location, time, number or status Always come at the beginning of the word

Examples of Prefixes Supra-above Post-after Bi-two Dys-bad, difficult, painful

Combining Vowels A combining vowel is needed between a word root and a suffix to make the term easier to pronounce O is the most common combining vowel When a term is written as a root word/o this is called the combining form

Combining Form Example Cardi/o = Heart

A root word must have…. A root word cannot stand alone – it must have at least a suffix to complete the term. For example – cardi/o is not a word by itself But cardiorrhexis is a word - meaning cardiac rupture.

Rules for Combining Vowels A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant Neur/o – nerve root word -plasty – surgical repair suffix beginning with a consonant Neuroplasty surgical repair of a nerve

Rules for Combining Vowels A combining vowel is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) Neur/o -nerve -itis -inflammation suffix begins with a vowel Neuritis – inflammation of a nerve

Rules of Combining Vowels A combining vowel is always used when putting two or more root words together Gastr/o – stomach Enter/o - small intestines itis- inflammation Gastroenteritis-inflammation of stomach & small intestines

Rules for Combining Vowels A prefix does not require a combining vowel between the prefix and root word Pre - before Post – after Peri – surrounding Prenatal Postnatal Perinatal Before birth after birth surrounding birth

Color Word Roots Cyan/o means blue cyanosis - condition of being blue cyan/o – blue -osis – condition of Erythr/o means red erythrocyte – red blood cell erythr/o – red cyte - cell

Color Word Roots Leuk/o – white Leukocyte – white blood cell Leuk/o – white cyte – cell Melan/o – black Melanosis – condition of black pigments deposited in parts of body Melan/o – black-osis – condition of

Color Word Roots Poli/o – gray Poliomyelitis – viral inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord that can cause paralysis Xanth/o – yellow Xanthosis – yellowing of skin due to eating too many carrots or other yellow/orange vegetables.

Suffixes Pertaining to Example: -ac Cardi/o – heart -ac pertaining to Cardiac Noun Endings -Example: -um crani/o – skull -um noun ending Cranium

Suffixes Abnormal Condition Example: -osis gastr/o – stomach -osis – abnormal condition Gastrosis – any disease condition of stomach

Suffixes Related to Pathology -itis – inflammation -algia-pain/suffering Example: tonsillitisExample: myalgia Inflammation of tonsils muscle pain

Suffixes Related to Pathology -malacia – abnormal softening -sclerosis – abnormal hardening Examples: Osteomalacia – abnormal softening of bones Osteosclerosis-abnormal hardening of bones Osteo- bone

Suffixes Related to Pathology -megaly – enlargement Example: hepat/o – liver Hepatomegaly – liver enlargement -stenosis – abnormal narrowing Example: arteriostenosis narrowing of artery

Suffixes Related to Procedures -centesis –surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or removal of excess fluid Example: amniocentesis

Suffixes Related to Pathology -necrosis – tissue death Cerebronecrosis- Death of cerebral (brain) tissue after stroke

Suffixes Related to Procedures -ectomy – surgical removal -scopy –visual examination Examples: Appendectomy – surgical removal of appendix Colonoscopy – visual exam of colon

Suffixes Related to Procedures -graphy – process of recording a picture or record -gram – record or picture Example: Arteriography & arteriogram

Suffixes Related to Procedures -plasty – surgical repair Example – rhinoplasty or surgical repair of nose

The Double RR’s -rrhage – bursting forth, excessive flow Example: hemorrhage – bursting forth of blood -rrhaphy - suture or stitch Example: herniorraphy – stitching a hernia - rrhea – abnormal flow or discharge Example: rhinorrhea – abnormal discharge from nose -rrhexis – to rupture Example: myorrhexis – rupture of a muscle

Prefixes Pre- before Post – after Peri- surrounding Example: Postnatal – after birth post–after, natal-birth

Prefixes Dys- bad, difficult, painful Example: Dysfunctional – badly functioning The Dysfunctional Pumpkin Family – Note the unhappy Child!

Prefixes Hyper – excessive, increased Hypo – decreased Poly- many Example: Hypertension – increased blood pressure Hypotension – decreased blood pressure Polypharmacy – many different drugs given to treat one person

Prefixes Inter- means between or among Intra- means within or inside Intra- Inter-

Determining Meaning How can you determine a words meaning that you don’t know? Could take term apart Could guess Could use the dictionary!!! Medical Dictionary

Look Alike – Sound Alike Terms Arteri/o – artery Arthr/o- joint Ather/o – plaque or fatty substance

Look Alike – Sound Alike Terms ileum – part of small intestine ilium – part of the hip bone

Look Alike – Sound Alike Terms Infection - invasion of body by disease producing organism Inflammation - localized response to injury or destruction of tissues – signs are: redness (erythema), tissue swelling (edema), heat, pain

Look Alike – Sound Alike Terms Mucous – specialized mucous membrane lining of body cavities Mucus – name of fluid secreted by mucous membranes Mucous Man Strikes Again!

Look Alike – Sound Alike Terms Myel/o – bone marrow or spinal cord

Look Alike – Sound Alike Terms Myc/o- fungus

Look Alike - Sound Alike Terms My/o - muscle

Look Alike – Sound Alike Terms -ologist – specialist -ology – study of Example: Radiology – study of radiation use in diagnosing, treating disease Radiologist – specialist in use of radiation to diagnose/treat disease

Look Alike – Sound Terms -ostomy – means artificial opening -otomy – cutting into or surgical incision Example: Laparotomy to create colostomy Lapar/o-abdomen

Look Alike-Sound Terms Pyel/o- renal pelvis Example: pyelitis – inflammation of renal pelvis Py/o – pus Example: pyoderma – pus producing disease of skin Pyr/o – fever or fire Example: pyrosis - heartburn

Look Alike – Sound Alike Terms Disaster Drill – Simulated Trauma Victims Trauma - wound or injury Triage – medical screening to determine priority of need for treatment and what treatment would be appropriate Example – victims of bus wreck who have suffered trauma would need triage to determine level of care needed

Basic Medical Terms Sign- evidence of disease that can be observed by patient & others – like fever Symptom -can be observed only by patient such as headache or dizziness Syndrome- set of signs/symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease

Basic Medical Terms Diagnosis – identification of disease Prognosis – prediction of outcome or course of disease or disorder

Basic Medical Terms Acute – quick onset, severe but short lasting Chronic – long duration, not usually cured Remission- disappearance of disease symptoms without the disease actually being cured – usually temporary

Basic Medical Terms Eponym – disease, structure or procedure named after person who discovered or developed it. Alzheimer’s disease is named of Alois Alzheimer, a German neurologist who first described it. Acronym- word formed by first letters of major word parts of term. MRI – magnetic resonance imaging