WRITE NOW: 2/5/13 1.Who were the Axis Powers? Pg Explain the Munich Conference. Pg Explain the Phony War (use the words: Britain, France, Germany, Maginot Line, sitzkrieg, and Hitler in your explanation). Pg 492 Agenda: Write Now Finish handout Quiz Go over handout Student Presentations

Objectives What events that led to the war? How did France fall to the Germans? Explain the conflicts in the Mediterranean and the Eastern Front Describe U.S. aid to the Allies

15.4 Aggressors Invade Nations Quiz 1.Which Northern Chinese province did Japan invade in 1931? 2.Which country did Italy invade in 1935? 3.List the 3 Axis powers. 4.What was another name for the German Empire in the 1930s? 5.Why was the Munich Conference seen as a failure?

16.1 Hitler’s Lightning War

Winston Churchill British Prime Minister Declared his nation would never give in (after Fall of France) “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the grounds, we shall fight in the fields and the streets…we shall never surrender.”

Charles de Gaulle When France falls to Germany, French General who sets up a government-in-exile in London Goal = reconquer France Uses radio broadcast to call on the French to join him in resisting Germans It is the burden duty of all Frenchmen who still bear arms to continue the struggle. For them to lay down their arms, to evacuate any position of military importance, or agree to hand over any part of French territory, however small, to enemy control would be a crime against our country.

Atlantic Charter Although US had not entered WWII yet… –Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly and issue joint declaration = “Atlantic Charter” upheld free trade among nations Right of people to choose own govt –Charter later serves as Allies’ peace plan after WWII AUGUST 14, 1941 The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments. Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston S. Churchill

Be ready to paraphrase each point from the Atlantic Charter. AUGUST 14, 1941 The President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. 1.First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other; 2.Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned; 3.Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; 4.Fourth, they will endeavor, with due respect for their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all States, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; 5.Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collaboration between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement and social security; 6.Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; 7.Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; 8.Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measure which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments. Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston S. Churchill

1.What did each leader gain from the secret agreement (non-aggression pact)? Stalin did not want to join the West after being excluded from the Munich Pact Hitler promised Stalin territory Both secretly agreed to divide Poland USSR could take over Finland and Baltic countries of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia

2. What strategy did Hitler use to conquer Poland? Sept. 1, 1939 BLITZKRIEG = “lightning war” –Fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces; take enemies by SURPRISE and quickly overwhelm them

Sitzkrieg (Phony War)

3. What was Hitler’s plan for conquering France? May 1940 – Hitler sweeping through Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg to get to France –Tried to keep Allies attention on those countries Hitler sends larger tank/troop force through the Ardennes (heavily wooded area) and goes past Maginot Line Reach the Northern coast of France in 10 days

4. What happened at Dunkirk? German troops in different parts of France join forces. Allies are outnumbered, outgunned, attacked from the air Allies retreat to the beaches of Dunkirk, and are trapped with the sea behind them Great Britain sends fleet of 850 ships across the English Channel to Dunkirk –Civilian craft join the effort (yachts, lifeboats, motorboats, paddle steamers, fishing boats) –May 26 – June 4: carry 338,000 soldiers to safety! Google Map of Dunkirk link

Following Dunkirk, Paris falls to Germany and French leaders surrender on June 22, 1940

5. What was the outcome of the Battle of Britain? Summer of 1940 – Luftwaffe (Germany’s airforce) began bombing Great Britain Airfields  airfield factories  cities (London!) Daylight raids  night bombings Britain’s RAF (Royal Air Force) fought back Radar (electronic tracking system) could tell speed, direction, number of incoming planes Enigma – German code-making machine that had been smuggled into Great Britain (helped decode messages) May 10, 1941 – Hitler calls off attack HITLER’S ATTACKS CAN BE BLOCKED!

6. What was the outcome of the fighting at Tobruk? By 1941, British had taken 500 miles of North America and taken 130,000 Italians prisoners. Hitler had to help Axis friend Italy. Hitler sent General Erwin Rommel (head of German tank force)to help Italians British forces retreated to Tobruk, Libya After fighting in Tobruk, British drove Rommel back. Rommel pushes back and defeats British. Rommel now nicknamed “Desert Fox”

Hitler begins to plan his attack on the USSR

7. How did Hitler’s invasion compare with Napoleon’s invasion of Russia? Operation Barbarossa June 22, 1941 – USSR unprepared for German tanks and aircraft –USSR = largest army, poorly trained Invasion lasted weeks until Germans were 500 miles into USSR USSR use same scorched earth policy they used against Napoleon By Sept. 8, 1941, Leningrad cut off from rest of USSR –Hitler starves people of Leningrad Bombs food warehouses –Nearly 1 million people die –Stalin refuses to surrender Hitler  Moscow, capital (Oct. 2, 1941) –German forces advance but begin to freeze in winter (just like Napoleon’s forces 130 years before!) –Hitler orders “No retreat!” –500,000 Germans die – no advancement

US Aids it Allies Most Americans do not want to join war : Congress passes series of Neutrality Acts –Illegal to sell arms or lend money to nations at war  Cash and Carry policy (Sept. 1939) - Allies can buy arms from US if they pay cash and use their own ships to transport  Lend Lease Act (March 1941) – President can lend or lease arms/supplies to any country vital to US By summer 1941, the US Navy is escorting British ships carrying US arms –  Hitler ordered submarines to sink any cargo ships

Roosevelt and Churchill sign Atlantic Charter Joint meeting  joint declaration of goals

Undeclared War with Hitler Sept. 4, 1941 – German U-boat fires on a US destroyer in Atlantic  Roosevelt orders navy commanders to shoot German submarines on sight

16.1 “ Hitler’s Lightning War” Quiz 1)Which country helped the Allies at Dunkirk? 2)Who broke the non-aggression pact first? 3)Who encouraged the French to continue fighting, even after they had surrendered? 4)What joint declaration of peace goals did Roosevelt sign before the US had even joined the war? 5)What is the term for Hitler’s strategy of a surprise attack by tank, foot, and air?