Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Personality Theory and Assessment Psychoanalytic Theories  Freud Humanistic Theories  Maslow, Rogers Trait Theories  Five factor model (Big Five) Social-Cognitive Theories Personality Assessment

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Personality Theory and Assessment Personality –characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Psychoanalytic Theories Freud 3 levels of awareness in consciousness 1.Conscious  what we are aware of at any given moment  thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories LO 11.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Psychoanalytic Theories: Freud 2.Preconscious  memories we are not aware of but can easily bring to mind  long-term memory LO 11.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Psychoanalytic Theories: Freud 3.Unconscious  motivating force of human behavior  memories removed from conscious because they are unpleasant –repressed memories –instincts (sexual and aggressive) –wishes and desires LO 11.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Psychoanalytic Theories: Freud Freud  psychological disorders result of impulses and repressed memories in unconscious  3 part model of personality to explain how unconscious, preconscious, and conscious minds interact

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd FIGURE 11.1 Freud’s Conception of Personality According to Freud, personality, which may be conceptualized as a giant iceberg, is composed of three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id, completely unconscious, is wholly submerged, floating beneath the surface. The ego is largely conscious and visible, but partly unconscious. The superego also operates at both the conscious and unconscious levels.

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality Id  unconscious  present at birth  biological urges, sexual instincts, aggressive impulses  pleasure principle –seek pleasure, avoid pain, immediate gratification –doesn’t act-only fantasizes and demands  libido-energy that fuels the personality LO 11.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality Ego  conscious  reality principle –constraints of real world in satisfying id’s wishes –logical, rational, realistic LO 11.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality Superego  age 5 or 6  moral system  conscience –behaviors punished; guilt  ego ideal –behaviors praised or rewarded; pride –sets guidelines for ego –judges behaviors, thoughts, feelings, wishes

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality Conflict  id -pleasure  superego -moral perfection  leads to anxiety in ego Defense mechanisms  maintain self-esteem  reduce anxiety  overuse -psychological problems LO 11.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd TABLE 11.1 Freud’s Defense Mechanisms

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality according to Freud repression most common: –can cause psychological disorders –treatment-bring repressed back to consciousness-therapy psychoanalysis LO 11.1

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality Sex instinct most important –Develops through stages:  body part  conflict –If the conflict is not resolved:  fixation –some of the libido (psychic energy) remains invested at that stage, leaving less energy for future stages LO 11.2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality: Psychosexual Stages Oral Stage  birth to 1 year  body part: mouth –sucking, eating, biting  conflict: weaning  fixation: dependency, passivity, sarcasm aggression LO 11.2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality: Psychosexual Stages Anal Stage  1-3 years  body part: anus –expelling or withholding feces  conflict: toilet training  fixation: excessive cleanliness or messiness, rebelliousness LO 11.2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality Psychosexual Stages Phallic Stage  3 to 5 or 6 years  body part: genitals –sexual curiosity  conflict: Oedipus complex  fixation: flirtatiousness and promiscuity or chastity LO 11.2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality: Psychosexual Stages Latency Stage  5 or 6 years to puberty  no conflict, period of sexual calm  interest in school, hobbies, same-sex friends LO 11.2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud's Theory of Personality: Psychosexual Stages Genital Stage  puberty and beyond  body part: genitals –revival of sexual interests/relationships  fixation: sexual dysfunctions LO 11.2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development (continued)

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Evaluating Freud's Contribution Contributions –importance of childhood experiences to development –called attention to the unconscious –neo-Freudians-Erikson LO 11.3

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Evaluating Freud's Contribution Criticisms: –difficult to test scientifically- psychoanalysts relied on case study method  people do not typically repress painful memories. –expressing negative emotions intensifies these feelings LO 11.3

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Humanistic Theories Humanistic Psychology –natural tendency toward growth and realization of fullest potential –optimistic about human nature –difficult to test scientifically LO 11.5

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Humanistic Theories Maslow Abraham Maslow –hierarchy of needs motivates behavior –esteem needs and self-actualization form the foundation of personality LO 11.5

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Figure 9.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow, “higher” motives, such as the need for love, go unheeded when “lower” motives, such as the need for safety, are not met.

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Humanistic Theories Maslow Esteem needs  need to achieve, gain competence and respect  academic, social, and professional achievements  Maslow: unfulfilled lower needs hurt efforts to develop esteem needs  adulthood-esteem needs my become more important; risk lower needs

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Humanistic Theories Maslow Self-actualization  developing to one’s fullest potential  personality changing, growing, improving –self-actualizers  mission-devote life to a larger good  tend not to depend on external authority  internally driven and independent LO 11.5

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Humanistic Theories Rogers Carl Rogers –personality influenced by parents –conditions of worth:  acceptance and support (positive regard) depends conditions  to gain positive regard, live according to others’ values, deny our true self stress and anxiety adults-seek others’ approval cannot pursue self-actualization LO 11.5

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Humanistic Theories Rogers Person-centered therapy  goal- people to live by their own values  therapist gives client unconditional positive regard: –caring and nonjudgmental acceptance –client lives according to inner value system LO 11.5

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Humanistic Theories Criticism: –unscientific Contribution: –study of positive personality qualities  altruism, cooperation, love, acceptance,  self-esteem

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Trait Theories Trait –personal quality/characteristic  decisive, jealous, Trait theories –traits stable across situation –use traits to describe/explain personality LO 11.7

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Trait Theories: The Five-Factor Model Personality: 5 factors Each factor made up of a constellation of personality traits  Openness  Conscientiousness  Extraversion  Agreeableness  Neuroticism LO 11.8

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Trait Theories: The Five-Factor Model Openness High eager to try new things open to new ideas curious imaginative adapt easier to new situations Low  narrow interests  prefer the familiar LO 11.8

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Trait Theories: The Five-Factor Model Conscientiousness High attention to detail reliable orderly industrious correlated with good health and academics Low undependable lazy spontaneous LO 11.8

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Trait Theories: The Five-Factor Model Extraversion High outgoing prefer to be around other people job satisfaction, relationships with co- workers, and ability to secure a job may engage in more risky behaviors Low shy prefer to be alone LO 11.8

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Trait Theories: The Five-Factor Model Agreeableness High easygoing friendly related to health and emotional well-being better able to work in teams more influenced by peers Low unfriendly argumentative cold LO 11.8

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Trait Theories: The Five-Factor Model Neuroticism High pessimistic irritable emotionally unstable/over-react difficulty social relationships greater risk for psychological disorders occupational and academic difficulties at Low optimistic take things in stride LO 11.8

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Trait Theories: The Five-Factor Model Gender differences: –are small –range of differences within each gender is greater than the differences across genders Criticism: –Five-Factor theory describes traits, but doesn’t explain differences

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Nature Nurture and Personality Traits Behavioral Genetic Theory  heredity is largely responsible for individual differences –twin and adoption studies show heredity influences personality –impact of environment on personality constrained by genes Nature, Nurture, and Personality Traits LO 11.9

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Social Cognitive Theory –Influence of learning on personality –Personality is a collection of learned behaviors acquired through social interactions –Situation-trait debate internal traits influence behavior across situations situational variables do affect personality traits LO 11.11

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Reciprocal Determinism Model Bandura Internal, environmental, and behavioral variables interact to influence personality  Internal (Person) traits, memory, cognitive development, social development, neurological functioning  Environment social sources of information, consequences  Behavior –actual behaviors LO 11.11

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd FIGURE 11.6 Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Bandura takes a social-cognitive view of personality. He suggests that three components—the external environment, individual behaviors, and cognitive factors, such as beliefs, expectancies, and personal dispositions—are all influenced by each other and play reciprocal roles in determining personality.

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Reciprocal Determinism Model Bandura Cognitive factor Bandura considered important –Self-Efficacy  person's perception/belief of ability to perform competently  high self-efficacy  persist in efforts, belief in success, set high goals  low self-efficacy  expect failure, avoid challenges, give up LO 11.11

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Theories of Personality

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Personality Assessment: Personality Inventories Inventory  questions about thoughts, feelings, and behaviors  scored according to a standard procedure  used to measure several dimensions of personality LO 11.14

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Personality Assessment: Personality Inventories Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)  screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders  most extensively researched and widely used personality test  10 clinical scales, 3 validity scales –Designed to assess psychopathology and abnormal behavior LO 11.14

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd TABLE 11.2 The Clinical Scales of the MMPI-2

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Personality Inventories California Personality Inventory (CPI) California Personality Inventory (CPI)  personality in normal individuals  does not include any questions designed to reveal psychiatric illness –useful in predicting school achievement, leadership, and executive success LO 11.14

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Personality Inventories Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) measures normal individual differences on 4 personality dimensions extraversion-introversion sensing-intuition thinking-feeling judging - perceiving  dimensions fall on a continuum  16 personality profiles –popular in business and educational settings LO 11.14

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Personality Inventories Projective Tests  unconscious  inkblots, drawings of ambiguous human situations, or incomplete sentences  no correct or incorrect responses  project inner thoughts feelings, fears, conflicts onto material –Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test LO 11.15

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Projective Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Method  describe 10 inkblots.  tell everything they think about what it looks like or resembles  scoring  used whole ink blot or parts, shape or color prompted response, sees movement, human or animal figures, or other objects LO 11.15

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Figure 11.7 An Inkblot Similar to One Used for the Rorschach Inkblot Method

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth Edition Samuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd Projective Tests Rorschach Inkblot Method Diagnose disorders, describe personality, evaluate treatment, predict behavior Critics: results are too dependent on the judgment of the examiner  comprehensive system for scoring. –provides normative data for comparison of responses LO 11.15