The Science of Marine Biology CH 1

How does it differ from Marine Biology? Study of the ocean, its surroundings, and life within it. Marine bio studies marine organisms’ anatomy, physiology, behavior; more individualistic.

Marine Organisms Life on Earth originated in the sea Provide food, medicine, and raw materials Tourism around the world Some can cause disease or attack people Produce half the oxygen we need and help regulate Earths climate Aristotle was the first Marine Biologist

Scientific Method QUESTION HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT DATA CONCLUSION Experimental group Control Group

THE SEA FLOOR Chapter 2

1.Pacific- deepest and largest 2.Atlantic- Similar in size to the indian 3.Indian 4.Arctic- smallest and shallowest 5.Southern or Antarctic Ocean The five principal oceans

Indian Southern or Antarctic Artic Pacific Atlantic

Atlantic City NJ

Covers 71% of the Earth’s surface

How Earth was formed Density Mass/volume More dense sinks … less dense floats

How does such a big ship for from this to this?

Buoyancy the ability or tendency to float in water or air or some other fluid the power of supporting a body so that it floats; upward pressure exerted by the fluid in which a body is immersed.

Eureka

Archimedes Principle A ship floats because it is constructed of many air- filled compartments. Air weighs less than water. So air and steel is less weigh than the water displaced by the ship. This is why ship floats but anchors sink

Oceanic- basalt Continental- granite CRUST

Faults Ring of fire Seafloor spreading

Creating New Ocean Floor

Deepest spot- Marianas Trench (10,912m) Walsh & Piccard Marianas Trench 10,912 m Mt Everest 8,863 m ographic.com/video/e nvironment/habitats- environment/habitats- oceans-env/cameron- how-deep/

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FEATURES OF SEAWATER Chapter 3

Atom in one polar covalent molecule can be attracted to oppositely charged atom in another such molecule

Properties of Water POLARITY TEMPERATURE-STABILIZING COHESIVE SOLVENT MAKES IONS

Water Is a Polar Covalent Molecule Molecule has no net charge Oxygen end has a slight negative charge Hydrogen end has a slight positive charge O HH

Water Is a Good Solvent Ions and polar molecules dissolve easily in water When solute dissolves, water molecules cluster around its ions or molecules and keep them separated

Composition of Seawater Pure water + dissolved materials Solids dissolve in water due to weathering Others come from hydrothermal vents When seawater dissolves ions left behind form various salts. Salinity is defined as total salt dissolved in seawater. Machines measure Organisms are affected by slight changes

Why cant you put a saltwater fish in a fresh water tank? HYPOTONIC HYPERTONIC

Amazon River Average salinity- 35 o / o Due to erosion if rocks Dead Sea Jordan Israel Dead Sea

Tallest Mountain: Hawaii's Mauna Kea rises 10,203 m (33,476 ft) from base to peak. Everest is only 8,848m.

Why do icebergs float? When seawater freezes the ions are excluded from the ice. They are left behind in the unfrozen water, increasing the salinity. Ice bergs aren’t salty The saltier the water the denser it is. The density depends on the salinity and temperature.

Dissolved Gases O2, CO2, N2, ETC. Gases dissolve better in cold water than hot. Much of O2 is produced by photosynthesis and released in atmosphere. CO2 is much more soluble than O2. CO2 makes up 80% Climate change

Transparency Why does the ocean have to be so clear? Why does it look blue? So that sunlight can get through Water near coast contains a lot more materials

Pressure Changes in depth Weight of the air above you Water is heavier than air…. There is more pressure Air bladders, floats, and lungs can collapse Grouper raised to quick Down to quick deflates

Coriolis Effect Imaginary line that creatives winds Trade winds Westerlies Polar easterlies Creates waves

Tides the alternate rising and falling of the sea, usually twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to the attraction of the moon and sun. Cause waves

High vs Low tide

Sun Earth Moon Model What season and tide is it?

Sand formation Sand is typically made mostly of varying amounts of material weathered from inland rocks (or seacliff material) and transported to the beach on the wind or in rivers, and/or shells and other hard parts precipitated out of the ocean water by marine organisms

pH of Ocean

How does pH effect organisms

Design and installation of oceanographic instrumentation and vehicles Ocean Engineering

NOAA Weather Buoy/ Tsunami Global/Local Monitoring Chlorophyll

Disciplinary Connections BIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY OCEANOGRAPHY PHYSICS GEOLOGY CHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS BIOPHYSICS GEOCHEMISTRY

Prior to then: 1500 B.C., Phoenicians were skilled sailors and traded goods

Migration Routes of Polynesia

Voyage of Columbus (1492) and Magellan (1519)

Ben Franklin (1770’s)- mapped the Gulf Stream

collected thousands of biological and sea bottom samples traveled in every ocean except arctic cruise directed by Charles Wyville Thompson 362 stations, 715 new genera, 5000 new species discovered Mariana Trench and Mindarniad (34,000 ft deep) Voyage of the HMS Challenger ( )

Meteor Expedition (1925)- introduced modern optical and electronic equipment (echo sounder) Recent:

Glomar Challenger (1968)- drilling for deep sea sediments