Multi-Core CPUs Matt Kuehn. Roadmap ► Intel vs AMD ► Early multi-core processors ► Threads vs Physical Cores ► Multithreading and Multi-core processing.

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Presentation transcript:

Multi-Core CPUs Matt Kuehn

Roadmap ► Intel vs AMD ► Early multi-core processors ► Threads vs Physical Cores ► Multithreading and Multi-core processing ► Current development direction ► Passmark benchmarks ► Conclusion

Intel ► Founded July 1968 ► Integrated Electronics ► Largest provider of CPUs ► Inventor of the x86 architecture ► First commercial microprocessor chip in 1971 ► CISC

CISC ► Complex Instruction Set Computing ► Emphasis on hardware ► Memory to Memory operations ► Commands that are operations  Ex) MULT X*Y translates to x = x * y ► Small code size

AMD ► Advanced Micro Devices ► Founded May 1969 ► Second largest supplier of microprocessors ► Merged with ATI Technologies in 2006 ► Only significant rival to Intel in CPU Market ► RISC

RISC ► Reduced Instruction Set Computing ► Emphasis on software ► Register to Register operations  Similar to COSC 300 ► Commands that are single steps  Ex LOAD X, LOAD Y, PROD X,Y, STORE X ► Simple operations translate to lengthy code

Pentium 4 HT ► First mainstream solution to add an additional ‘core’ ► One core on the chip ► Used Hyper-Threading Technology ► Two ‘logical’ or ‘virtual’ CPUs ► OS can schedule two processes at the same time

First Dual Core Processor ► Opteron server CPU ► First demonstrated in August 2004 ► Created by AMD ► Dual Core ► Demonstration machine was a server powered by 4 Opteron chips

WHAT?! So what’s the difference between a core and a thread???

Core ► Essentially a CPU ► Has own resources  Registers, cache, etc… ► Everything a physical CPU would have  ALU  Control Unit  Clock ► Costly to add to chip

Thread ► Essentially a virtual CPU ► Does not have any physical resources  Shares resources with a physical core ► Inexpensive compared to a Core ► Does not provide the same throughput as a physical Core ► High improvement to cost ratio

Multi Core Processing ► Exploit concurrency to spread work ► Running tasks = Processors in a system ► Improves absolute performance ► Optimal single core processor leads to a new CPU with multiple optimal single cores

Multithreading ► Also exploit concurrency of multiple tasks ► Processor level optimization  Improve area and energy efficiency ► Replicates resources virtually ► Slightly larger chip, greatly increased performance  Ex) 15% increase in area leads to 60% increase in throughput

Current Direction ► Intel  Multiple Physical Cores  Threads Current high end: ► Core i7  4 Cores  8 Threads of execution ► AMD  Multiple Physical Cores  Multi-core processing Current high end: ► FX 8-Core  8 physical cores

Passmark ► Released late 2002

Passmark ► Released 2004 ► Released 2011

Conclusion ► Intel vs AMD  RISC and CISC ► Early solutions to Multi-Core CPUs  Physical and Logical ► Threads vs Cores ► Multithreading vs Milti-Core processing ► Benchmark testing via Passmark

Questions?

References ► ► facts.html facts.html facts.html ► info.aspx info.aspx info.aspx ► faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/risc/risccisc/ faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/risc/risccisc/ faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/risc/risccisc/ ► multithreading-and-multi-core multithreading-and-multi-core multithreading-and-multi-core ►