The American Revolution Chapter 7 The American Revolution

MAP 7.1 Campaign for New York and New Jersey, 1775–77

MAP 7.2 Northern Campaigns, 1777–1778

MAP 7.3 Fighting in the West, 1778–79

MAP 7.4 Fighting in the South, 1778–81

MAP 7.5 State Claims to Western Lands The ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781 awaited settlement of the western claims of eight states. Vermont, claimed by New Hampshire and New York, was not made a state until 1791, after disputes were settled the previous year. The territory north of the Ohio River was claimed in whole or in part by Virginia, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. All of them had ceded their claims by 1786, except for Connecticut, which had claimed an area just south of Lake Erie, known as the Western Reserve; Connecticut ceded this land in 1800. The territory south of the Ohio was claimed by Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; in 1802, the latter became the last state to cede its claims.

MAP 7.6 North America after the Treaty of Paris, 1783 The map of European and American claims to North America was radically altered by the results of the American Revolution.

MAP 7.7 The Northwest Territory and the Land Survey System of the United States The Land Ordinance of 1785 created an ordered system of survey (revised by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787), dividing the land into townships and sections.

The Land Ordinance of 1785 created an ordered system of survey (revised by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787), diving the land into townships and sections.

Jean Baptiste Antoine de Verger, a French officer serving with the Continental Army, made these watercolors of American soldiers during the Revolution. Some 200,000 men saw action, including at least 5,000 African Americans; more than half of these troops served with the Continental Army. SOURCE:Anne S.K.Brown Military Collection,John Hay Library,Brown University.

John Singleton Copley’s portrait of Mercy Otis Warren captured her at the age of thirty-six, in 1765. During the Revolution, her home in Boston was a center of patriotic political activity. SOURCE:John Singleton Copley,U.S.,1738 –1815.Mrs.James Warren (Mercy Otis),ca.1763.Oil on canvas.in.(130.1 •104.1 cm). Bequest of Winslow Warren.Courtesy of Museum of Fine Art,Boston. 51 1 4 *41

A Patriot mob torments Loyalists in this print published during the Revolution. One favorite punishment was the “grand Tory ride,” in which a crowd hauled the victim through the streets astride a fence rail. In another, men were stripped to “buff and breeches” and their naked flesh coated liberally with heated tar and feathers. SOURCE:The Granger Collection.

Joseph Brant, the brilliant chief of the Mohawks who sided with Great Britain during the Revolution, in a 1786 painting by the American artist Gilbert Stuart. After the Treaty of Paris, Brant led a large faction of Iroquois people north into British Canada, where they established a separate Iroquois Confederacy. SOURCE:Gilbert Stuart.Joseph Brant,1786.Oil on canvas,30 “ x 25”. New York State Historical Association,Cooperstown.

This American cartoon, published during the Revolution, depicts “the Scalp Buyer,” Colonel Henry Hamilton, paying bounties to Indians. In fact, Indian warriors were not simply pawns of the British but fought for the same reasons the Patriots did—for political independence, cultural integrity, and protection of land and property. SOURCE:The Bostonian Society/Old State House.

In 1845 Artist William Ranney depicted a famous moment durng the Battle of Cowpens that took place in January 1781. Lieutenant Colonel William Washington, leader of the Patriot calvary and a relative of George Washingtn, was attacked by a squadron of British dragons. As Washington was about to be cut down, he was saved by his servant William Ball, but he was one of a number of African Americans who fought on the Patriot side in the battle. SOURCE:Courtesy South Carolina State House.

John Trumbull’s Yorktown Surrender, 1797 John Trumbull’s Yorktown Surrender, 1797. Trumbull, who prided himself on the accuracy of his work, included Cornwallis in the center of this painting. Later, when he learned that Cornwallis had not been present, he attempted to correct the error by changing the color of the uniform to blue, thereby making “Cornwallis” into an American general.

The Continental Congress printed currency to finance the Revolution The Continental Congress printed currency to finance the Revolution. Because of widespread counterfeiting, engravers attempted to incorporate complex designs, like the unique vein structure in the leaf on this eighteen-pence note. In case that wasn’t enough, the engraver of this note also included the warning: “To counterfeit is Death.” SOURCE:Library of Congress.

By giving the vote to “all free inhabitants,” the 1776 constitution of New Jersey enfranchised women as well as men who met the property requirements. The number of women voters eventually led to male protests. Wrote one: “What tho’ we read, in days of yore, / The woman’s occupation / Was to direct the wheel and loom, / Not to direct the nation.” In 1807, a new state law explicitly limited the right of franchise to “free white male citizens.” SOURCE:CORBIS.

This portrait of the African American poet Phillis Wheatley was included in the collection of her work published in London in 1773, when she was only twenty. Kidnapped in Africa when a girl, then purchased off the Boston docks, she was more like a daughter than a slave to the Wheatley family. She later married and lived as a free woman of color before her untimely death in 1784. SOURCE:Bettman/CORBIS.