Nan Ding Adaptive Instructional System

“Adaptive” Adaptive tests (GRE, CBT, etc.) Adaptive to people with disabilities Intelligent?

Adaptive instructional system Why we need adaptive instruction? What is adaptive? Adaptive instruction embodies all instructional forms that accommodate the needs and abilities of different learners What to adapt?

What to Adapt Learner Variables Cognitive abilities Metacognitive skills Affective status Additional variables Instructional Variables Feedback Content sequencing Scaffolding View of material

Classic Adaptive Technologies Based on Brusilovsky (2003) Adaptive Hypermedia System Intelligent Tutoring System Adaptive Hypermedia Intelligent Tutoring Adaptive Presentation Adaptive Navigation Support Curriculum Sequencing Intelligent Solution Analysis Problem Solving Support

Modern Adaptive Technologies Information Retrieval CSCL Machine Learning Data Mining Machine Learning Data Mining Adaptive Hypermedia System Intelligent Tutoring System Adaptive Hypermedia Adaptive Information Filter Intelligent Monitoring Intelligent Collaborative Learning Intelligent Tutoring Based on Brusilovsky (2003)

Five Approaches to Adaptive Instruction Macro-adaptive instruction Aptitude-treatment interactions (ATI-based) Micro-adaptive instruction Adaptive/adaptable hypermedia/Web-based system (AHS) Specific pedagogy-centered systems

Macro-Adaptive Instruction Allowing alternatives in instructional goals Depth of curriculum content Delivery system

Aptitude-Treatment Interactions Based on learner characteristics (or aptitudes) Adapt in Instructional procedures Instructional strategies Eight step model to provide practical guidance for applying the ATI-based model to the design of computer-based instructional courseware (Carrier and Jonassen 1988) Limitations Any individual characteristic that increases or impairs the student’s probability of success in a given treatment (Cronbach and Snow 1997)

Micro-Adaptive Instruction Diagnosing the student’s specific learning needs during instruction and providing instructional prescriptions for the needs On-task measures rather than pre-task measures Dynamic, based on temporal nature of learner abilities and characteristics (current knowledge, motivation level) Adapt two instructional variables: Amount of content to be presented Presentation sequence of the content

Intelligent Tutoring Systems Micro-level adaptive instructional systems Provide adaptive instruction by intelligently diagnosing students’ learning needs diagnosing students’ progress in a response sensitive manner Three main components Representation of the content to be taught Inherent teaching or instructional strategy Mechanisms for understanding what the student does and does not know

Adaptive Hypermedia Systems Adaptive vs. Adaptable Open corpus learning environments Limitations and challenges How to balance adaptivity and adaptability How to select materials that are related to the topic and how to control the quantity

Specific pedagogy-centered systems Constructivist Adaptive Systems Contingent Teaching Systems Motivation-Based Adaptive Systems Metacognition-Based Adaptive Systems Collaborative Learning Systems

Discussion The factors that will affect learners’ attitude and behavior to the tutor Prior achievement Motivation Learning ability Learning style Personality

Discussion Adaptive vs. Intelligent Is it helpful for learners to use the hints as worked examples? How can we distinguish this learning process from help abuse? Are pedagogical agents (with human-like qualities?) really improving students’ learning or just extending their learning(?) time? Can they replace human instructors? Do we want them to replace human instructors? How to distinguish learners’ learning skill and make the system adapt to it by on-task measures …