Virginia & U.S. History VUS.2 – European & Native American Cultural Interaction

Early European Exploration  Earliest exploration by the Vikings around 1000 A.D.  Italian born Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492 after his plans were commissioned by Spain  Columbus landed in San Salvador  Rush to explore the “New World” begins

What if Columbus had stayed home? Talk to a partner about each question: 1. What would be different? 2. Who would be here in the U.S.? 3. How do you think the land would be used? How would things look?

Spanish

Spanish Settlement 1562 Map of America by Diego Guitierrez

Spanish Land Use

Spanish Relationship with Native Americans

English

English Settlement

English Land Use

English Relationship with Native Americans

English/Spanish Patterns of Conquest  Did NOT attempt to blend with Natives  Completely take over a conquered area including the land  Indians lost traditional territories  Indians fell victim to diseases from Europe  Continued to trade somewhat – but the relationship between the two groups was troublesome  Often had violent conflicts

French

French Settlement

French Land Use

French Relationship with Native Americans

French Patterns of Conquest  French presence in New World was based on trade (furs), not on establishing colonies  Both sides benefited from trade  French had better relations with Natives

Interactions Overall  Disease  Death  Loss of Territory

Characteristics of Exploration and Interactions among Europeans, Africans & American Indians VUS.2

Early English Settlements  Roanoke (1587) – “The Lost Colony”  y-roanoke y-roanoke

Jamestown Established: 1607

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Jamestown Housing

Jamestown Settlement

Jamestown-1607  Established in 1607 by the Virginia Company of London  Was a business venture  FIRST English permanent settlement in North America

Jamestown  Named in honor of King James of England  Suffered from famine, disease and conflict with the Native Americans in first two years  Spring 1610, about 150 new settlers arrived with supplies

Plymouth Colony  September 1620 about 100 English Separatists set sail aboard the Mayflower  Formed Plymouth Colony in Cape Cod  Adult males aboard had signed the Mayflower Compact  This document became the foundation of Plymouths government

Document A 1. Sourcing: Who was John Winthrop speaking to in this sermon? What do you think is the purpose of this sermon? 2. Contextualization: Imagine what his audience might have been thinking and feeling as they listened to him on the ship. Describe it below. 3. Close reading: What is the main idea of this speech? What do you think Winthrop means when he says, “We shall be as a City Upon a Hill?”

Document A: ‘City upon a Hill’ (Modified) The only way to provide for our posterity is to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with our God. We must be knit together in this work as one man; we must take care of each other with brotherly affection. We shall be united in the bond of peace, the Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, so that we shall see much more of his wisdom, power, goodness and truth. We shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us; so that if we shall [behave badly] and cause God to withdraw his help from us, we shall [invite] the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us. Therefore let us choose life, that we, and our [children], may live; by obeying his voice, for he is our life, and our prosperity. Vocabulary: Posterity: future generations Prosperity: wealth 1. Sourcing: Who was John Winthrop speaking to in this sermon? What do you think is the purpose of this sermon? 2. Contextualization: Imagine what his audience might have been thinking and feeling as they listened to him on the ship. Describe it below. 3. Close reading: What is the main idea of this speech? What do you think Winthrop means when he says, “We shall be as a City Upon a Hill?”

Document B 1. Sourcing: Who was John Cotton speaking to in this sermon? Why is he speaking about settling in a new land? 2. Contextualization: In this sermon, who are the ‘inhabitants’ in the new land? Who are the ‘foreign people?’ 3. Close reading: What does Cotton say that God will do for the foreign people when they arrive in the new land?

Document B: ‘The Divine Right to Occupy the Land’ (Modified) The Bible says: “I will appoint a place for my people Israel, and I will plant them, that they may dwell in a place of their own, and move no more.” The settling of a people in this or that country is the Lord’s decision. Now, God makes room for a people in three ways: First, He drives out the heathens before them by waging war on the inhabitants. Second, He gives a foreign people favor in the eyes of any native people to come and sit down with them. Third, He makes a country empty of inhabitants where the people will live. Where there is an empty place, the sons of Adam and Noah are free to come and live there, and they neither need to buy it nor ask permission. Questions: 1. Sourcing: Who was John Cotton speaking to in this sermon? Why is he speaking about settling in a new land? 2. Contextualization: In this sermon, who are the ‘inhabitants’ in the new land? Who are the ‘foreign people?’ 3. Close reading: What does Cotton say that God will do for the foreign people when they arrive in the new land?

"In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, e&. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia; do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620." 1. What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact? 2. Why might some of the passengers have believed a document like the Mayflower Compact was necessary? 3. What was gained by forming this covenant community?

Comparing Jamestown and Plymouth Activity