Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 18 The System

Function of the Respiratory System Slide 13.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Oversees (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and external environment  Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the (only site of gas exchange, other structures passageways)  Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming  Shares responsibility with system

Organs of the Respiratory system Slide 13.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  N  P  L  T  B  Lungs – Figure 13.1

Slide 13.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.2 Upper Respiratory Tract

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Slide 13.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  O receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface  The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory  Moistens  Traps incoming

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity Slide 13.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lateral walls have projections called conchae  Increases  Increases air turbulence within the cavity  The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the  Anterior hard palate ( )  Posterior soft palate ( )

Paranasal Sinuses Slide 13.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity  F  S  E  M

Paranasal Sinuses Slide 13.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Function of the  Lighten the  Act as r chambers for speech  Produce that drains into the nasal cavity

Pharynx (Throat) Slide 13.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Muscular passage from nasal cavity to l  Three regions of the pharynx  N – superior region behind nasal cavity  O – middle region behind mouth  Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to l  The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways

Slide 13.3b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.2 Upper Respiratory Tract

Structures of the Pharynx Slide 13.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A tubes enter the nasopharynx  Tonsils of the  Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the  Palatine in the oropharynx  Lingual tonsils at the base of the

Larynx (Voice Box) Slide 13.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Routes air and food into proper  Plays a role in  Made of rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

Structures of the Larynx Slide 13.9a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thyroid  Largest cartilage  Protrudes anteriorly ( )  Epiglottis  Superior opening of the  Routes food to the larynx and air toward the

Structures of the Larynx Slide 13.9b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vocal cords ( )  Vibrate with expelled air to create sound ( )  G – opening between vocal cords

Trachea ( ) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Connects larynx with  Lined with mucosa  Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming  Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from  Walls are reinforced with C-shaped cartilage

Primary Bronchi Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Formed by division of the  Enters the lung at the (medial depression)  Right is wider, shorter, and straighter than left  Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller

Lungs Slide 13.12a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Occupy most of the cavity  is near the clavicle (superior portion)  Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)  Each lung is divided into lobes by  Left lung – lobes  Right lung – lobes

Lungs Slide 13.12b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.4b

Coverings of the Lungs Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pulmonary ( ) pleura covers the lung surface  Parietal pleura lines the walls of the  Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of to allow gliding

Respiratory Tree Divisions Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  P  S  T  Bronchioli  T bronchioli

Bronchioles Slide 13.15a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.5a  branches of the bronchi

Bronchioles Slide 13.15b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.5a  All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage

Bronchioles Slide 13.15c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Terminal bronchioles end in Figure 13.5a

Respiratory Zone Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Structures  R bronchioli  A  Alveoli  Site of

Alveoli Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Structure of alveoli  A  G

Respiratory Membrane ( ) Slide 13.18a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thin squamous layer lining alveolar walls  Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of

Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Slide 13.18b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.6

Gas Exchange Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by  Oxygen enters the  Carbon dioxide enters the  M add protection  S coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

Events of Respiration Slide 13.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pulmonary – moving air in and out of the lungs  External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and

Events of Respiration Slide 13.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Respiratory gas transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the  Internal respiration – gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in

Mechanics of (Pulmonary Ventilation) Slide 13.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Completely process  Depends on volume changes in the cavity  Volume changes lead to pressure changes, which lead to the flow of gases to pressure

Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Slide 13.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two phases  I – flow of air into lung  E – air leaving lung

Inspiration Slide 13.22a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Diaphragm and muscles contract  The size of the thoracic cavity  External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in

Inspiration Slide 13.22b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.7a

Exhalation Slide 13.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung  As muscles, air is pushed out of the lungs  Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the

Exhalation Slide 13.23b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.7b

Nonrespiratory Air Movements Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Can be caused by reflexes or  Examples  Cough and sneeze – clears lungs of debris  L  C  Y  H

Respiratory Volumes and Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Normal breathing moves about ml of air with each breath (tidal volume [TV])  Many factors that affect respiratory capacity  A person’s  S  A  P  Residual volume of air – after exhalation, about ml of air remains in the lungs

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Inspiratory reserve volume ( )  Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal  Usually between and ml  Expiratory reserve volume ( )  Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled  Approximately

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide 13.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Residual volume  Air remaining in lung after  About

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vital  The total amount of exchangeable air  Vital capacity =  Dead space volume  Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches  About

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  volume  Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone  Usually about  Respiratory capacities are measured with a

Respiratory Capacities Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.9

Respiratory Sounds Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sounds are monitored with a  Bronchial sounds – produced by air rushing through  breathing sounds – soft sounds of air filling alveoli

External Respiration Slide 13.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Oxygen movement into the  The always has more oxygen than the blood  Oxygen moves by towards the area of lower concentration  Pulmonary capillary blood gains

External Respiration Slide 13.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Carbon dioxide movement out of the  Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of than air in the alveoli  P capillary blood gives up carbon dioxide  Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and

Gas Transport in the Blood Slide 13.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  transport in the blood  Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [ ])  A small amount is carried dissolved in the

Gas Transport in the Blood Slide 13.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Carbon dioxide transport in the blood  Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion ( )  A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on, but at different binding sites than those of

Internal Respiration Slide 13.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Exchange of gases between blood and  An opposite reaction to what occurs in the  Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to  Oxygen diffuses from blood into

Internal Respiration Slide 13.34b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.11

External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Respiration Summary Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.10

Neural Regulation of Respiration Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the phrenic and intercostal  Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the  The appears to smooth out respiratory rate  Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is respirations per minute  is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs

Neural Regulation of Respiration Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.12

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Physical factors  Increased  E  T  C  Volition ( )  factors

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Slide 13.39a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Chemical factors  levels  Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is the main regulatory chemical for  Increased carbon dioxide increases  Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the

Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth Slide 13.39b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Chemical factors (continued)  Oxygen levels  Changes in oxygen concentration in the  are detected by chemoreceptors in the  and carotid artery  Information is sent to the

Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slide 13.40a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and  Major causes of death and in the United States

Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( ) Slide 13.40b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Features of these diseases  Patients almost always have a history of  Labored breathing (dyspnea) becomes progressively  Coughing and frequent pulmonary  are common

Respiratory Disorders: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slide 13.40c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Features of these diseases (continued)  Most victimes retain carbon dioxide, are and have respiratory acidosis  Those infected will ultimately develop

Emphysema Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  enlarge as adjacent chambers break through  Chronic inflammation promotes lung  Airways collapse during  Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale  of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest  appears late in the disease

Chronic Bronchitis Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely  production increases  Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and exchange  Risk of lung increases  P is common  Hypoxia and cyanosis occur

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.13

Lung Cancer Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Accounts for of all cancer deaths in the United States  Increased incidence associated with  Three common types  S  A  S

Sudden Infant Death syndrome (SIDS) Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Apparently healthy infant stops breathing and dies during  Some cases are thought to be a problem of the respiratory control center  One third of cases appear to be due to heart rhythm

Asthma Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Chronic inflamed hypersensitive passages  Response to irritants with dyspnea (difficulty breathing), coughing, and

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System Slide 13.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lungs are filled with fluid in the  Lungs are not fully with air until two weeks after birth  Surfactant that lowers surface tension is not present until late in fetal development and may not be present in premature babies

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System Slide 13.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Important birth defects  C – oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system  C

Aging Effects Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Elasticity of lungs  Vital decreases  Blood levels decrease  Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide  More risks of respiratory tract

Respiratory Rate Changes Throughout Life Slide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Newborns – respirations per minute  Infants – respirations per minute  Age 5 – respirations per minute  Adults – respirations per minute  Rate often somewhat with old age