1. Valence Electrons and covalent bond a) Carbon – 4 ve - & 4 covalent bonding b) Hydrogen- c) Oxygen- d) Nitrogen- 1 ve - & 1 covalent bond 6 ve - & 2 covalent bond 5 ve - & 3 covalent bond

Hydrocarbons - The simplest organic compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen Saturated Hydrocarbons - Compounds that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom. Polar or nonpolar? Saturated  you can’t add any hydrogen atoms.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons - Compounds that contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. Unsaturated  you can add more hydrogen atoms by breaking bonds.

a) What is an alkane? 1. Contains carbon and hydrogen combined only single bond. b) Naming (# of carbons) 1. Methane (1) 2. Ethane (2) 3. Propane (3) 4. Butane (4)

b) NamingName of alkane 5 PentaPentane 6 Hexa  7 Hepta  8 Octa 9 Nona 10 Deca Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane

i. Ethane i. C 2 H 6 ii. Pentane i. C 5 H 12 iii. Decane i. C 10 H 22 C-H bond (sp 3 )

i. Name the figure with 4 carbons ii. Write the completed structural formula A. Ethane B. Octane Butane Carbon first Draw all bonds Hydrogen

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 Carbon atoms are located at each intersection and all the ends of lines  Name the figure  Write the line formula › A. decane › B. hexane Normal Unbranched Straight-chain hydrocarbons

i. Branches on a hydrocarbon chain are discussed as if they were substituted for a hydrogen atom on the chain.

 An atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule. i. Parent alkane 1) The longest continuous carbon chain of a branched-chain hydrocarbon. 2) Name the parent alkane from the figure.

1) Naming  remove the -ane from the parent hydrocarbon name and add -yl. 2) Write the name of the following: 1) CH 3 - 1)Methyl 2) CH 3 CH 2 - 1)ethyl 3) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 - 1)propyl

i. Find the longest chain of carbons ii. Number the carbons 1) Start at the end that will give the groups attached to the chain the smallest numbers th C 3 rd C

ii. Number the carbons 1) Add numbers to the names of the substituent groups to identify their positions 1)3-methyl,3-methyl,4-ethyl 2) Use prefix to indicate the appearance of the same group more than once. 1)Two methyl  dimethyl  3,3-dimethyl

4) List the names of alkyl substituents in alphabetical order. Ignore the prefixes. 1) 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethyl 5) use proper punctuation. a) Commas are used to separate numbers. b) Hyphens are used to separate numbers and words. c) Entire name is written without any spaces. 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane

4-ethyl-2,3,4-trimethyloctane i. -c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c- ii. Find the parent structure (end with – ane) iii. Write the longest carbon chain iv. Number the carbons

4-ethyl-2,3,4-trimethyloctane i. -c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c- iv. Identify the substituent groups. Attach the substituents to the proper positions. v. Add hydrogen as needed CH 3 -CH 2 CH 3

a) 3-ethylhexane a) Draw parent chain first b) Add sustituent c) Methyl is drawn one short line d) Ethyl is drawn one bent line b) 6-ethyl-2,3,5-trimethyloctane

a) What is a halocarbon? a)At least one halogen to the hydrocarbon molecule b) Naming › Ffluoro- › Clchloro- › Brbromo- › Iiodo- Halogens are always substituent.

a) Writing names 1)CH 3 -CH 2 -CHF-CHCl-CH 3 2)2-chloro-3-fluoropentane 3)CH 3 -CCl 2 -CH 2 -CHBr-CHBr-CH 3 4)2,3-dibromo-5,5-dichlorohexane 5)4,5-dibromo-2,2-dichlorohexane

a) writing structural formula 1)Difluoromethane 2)1-bromo-2chloropropane

a) Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. b) Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties. c) Ex. These are isomers. Why?

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Write the possible isomers for C 4 H 10

a) cyclic Hydrocarbons  These examples include only single bonds. b) Naming a) Start with prefix –cyclo then name of alkane according to the number of carbon atom (1) Cyclopropane

a) Naming (2) Cyclobutane (3) Cyclopentane Molecular formula C n H 2n  same as alkene

a) Naming (4) Cyclohexane

 Cyclopropane has weak, or strained C-C bonds.  Reactive than straight chain.  C 5 H 10 and C 6 H 12 are quite stable.  Bond angles are close to tetrahedral

 Can exist 2 forms, Chair and boat  Chair form is preferred b/c of e- repulsion in boat

a.1-isopropyl-3-methylcyclohexane b.1-ethyl-2-propylcyclobutane

1. What is an alkene? 2. Hydrocarbons with at least one double bond 3. Naming (according to the number of carbons) 2. Ethene 3. Propene 4. Butene

b) Naming 5 PentaPentene 6 Hexa  7 Hepta  8 Octa 9 Nona 10 Deca hexene heptene octene nonene decene

1. Find the number of carbons 2. Name the alkene 3. Identify the position of double bond (lower number) 4 carbons butene 1, not 3 1-butene

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.22–37 The formation of pi bond prevents rotation of the 2 CH 2 groups.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.22–38 Alkenes exhibit cis-trans isomerism. Identical substituents on the same side  cis Identical substituents on opposite side  trans

a) What is an alkyne? a) Hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond. b) Naming(According to the number of carbons) # of carbonsname 2Ethyne 3Propyne 4 Butyne

5 pentyne 6 hexyne 7 heptyne 8 octyne 9 nonyne 10 decyne

a) Find the number of carbons a) 4 b) Name the alkyne a) Butyne c) Identify the position of triple bond (lower number) a) 1-butyne

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i. Name the position of double bond ii. Prefix of alkene, then end with –diene iii. Name the given structure i. 1,3-butadiene

H C C H CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 i) ii) 2-butene 1-pentene

iii) iv) ethene 2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propene  Skip this

i) propene ii) 2-hexene

i) ii)

i) propyne ii) 2-hexyne

i. Write the structure of 1,4-pentadiene

4-methyl-trans-2-hexene 5-ethyl-3-heptene

a) These examples include a single ring or a group of rings. A single ring is called benzene (C 6 H 6 ) that has alternate single and double bond. b) Benzene (very stable) double bond single bond

iii. Benzene as a parent i) ________ benzene Name  alphabetical order 3-bromo-1-nitrobenzene methyl 1-nitro 3- bromo Benzene is the last word.

iii. Substituent position iii. 1, 2  ortho iv. 1,3  meta v. 1,4  para

iii. More examples Toluene as parent 1-nitro 3- bromo Benzene is the last word.

iv. Benzene as a substituent i) Phenyl substituent CH 3 -CH 2 -CH-CH 3 2-phenylbutane

1. CH 3 -CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 3-phenylheptane 2. 1-chloro-1-phenylpropane If benzene has a familiar substituent, benzene is a parent.

iv) 2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propene

1) 2-phenylbutane 2) 1,3-diphenylpentane

3) 2,2-dimethyl-1-phenylheptane 4) cycloctane

5) 2,3-dimethylbenzene 6) 1-bromo-3-ethylbenzene

a) Specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions. b) Can be classified according to their functional groups. c) R is carbon group such as CH 3, C 2 H 5

R – X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Functional group Halogen

Structure R – OH Functional group Hydroxyl An organic compound with an --OH group. * Naming 1) Drop the -e ending of the parent alkane name and add the ending -ol Ex. methane  methanol ethane  ethanol

Ex. If the -OH is attached to the first carbon of propane, 1-propanol  No number for methanol and ethanol. (Why?)  The position of the hydroxyl group is given the lowest possible number.

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i) CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH i) 1-butanol ii) CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH i) 1-pentanol iii) CH 3 -CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 OH 2-pentanol

methanolethane Molar mass32.05 g/mol30.08 g/mol Boiling point65 o C-89 o C Intermolecular force Hydrogen bond London dispersion

 Alcohol containing 2, 3, 4 -OH, are named with alkane name and diol, triol, tetrol, respectively  1,2-ethanediol  (ethylene glycol)

 Simplest aromatic alcohol  Phenol

 -OH is attached to the carbon with two carbon groups, so this is secondary alcohol  2-butanol

 -OH is attached to the end of long chain, so this is primary alcohol  3-chloro-1-propanol

 -OH is attached to the carbon with 3 carbon groups, so this is tertiary alcohol  6-bromo-2-methyl-2-hexanol

R -- O -- REther A compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups Practice) Write the compound type a) CH 3 -CH 2 -O-CH 3 b) CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -OH ether alcohol

 Aldehydes › Carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom  Ketone › Carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon groups Practice) Write the compound type a) CH 3 -CH 2 -O-CH 3 b) b) CH 3 -CH 2 -C-H O Ether Aldehyde

 Produced by the oxidation of alcohols › Primary alcohol  aldehyde › Secondary alcohol  ketone Practice) Write the compound type a) CH3-CH2-C-CH3 O b) CH3-CH2-C-H O ketone Aldehyde

 Carboxylic acid › R-COOH › Drop –e, add –oic acid  Ester › R-COO-R › Carboxylic acid reacts w/alcohol to form ester and a water molecule › The parent alcohol named first w/a –yl ending and change –oic to –oate  Ex. n-octylethanoate 

 Derived by ammonia  N-H are replaced by N-C bond › 1 H is replaced  primary amine › 2H are replaced  secondary amine › 3H are replaced  Tertiary amine 

i) AmideAmide O H R -- C -- N – R If you find nitrogen and oxygen, it should be amide.

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