Politics of the Middle East Iraq

People 30 Million people 80% Arab, 15% Kurd, 5% Other Shite 65%, Sunni 35% Adult literacy 84%

Economy 18%–30% unemployed per capita GDP of $4,000 60% public sector employees Women 22% of work force Oil provides 95% foreign exchange earnings but little employment 2 nd after Saudi Arabia in total reserves

1920 Borders set by Treaty of Sevres 1921 Monarchy Faisal I established under British Mandate, Sunni elite appointed to government posts 1932 Independence 14 July 1958 Monarchy overthrown Abd al Karim Kasem Colonel Abul Salem Arif, Abdul Rahman Arif 1968 Ba’ath Party, Ahmed Hassan al Bakr

Ba’ath 1947 "Unity, Liberty, Socialism“ A mix of Pan-Arabism and Socialism Also prominent in Syria The Arab nation is considered, philosophically speaking, not as a social and economic formation, but as a transcendent fact inspiring different forms, one of its highest contributions taking the form of Islam. It was not Islam that modeled the peoples of Arabia, the Fertile Crescent, and North Africa, equipping them with Islamic values, especially the Arabic language and the Arabic culture, but the Arab nation which created Islam.

Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein Abd al- Majid al-Tikriti President 1979 – 2003 Attended 3 years of Law School, Joined the Ba’ath 1957 Played a key role in the 1968 Revolution Served as VP under President Ahmed Hassan al Bakr

Modernization Projects Nationalization of the oil industry National Campaign for the Eradication of Illiteracy Compulsory Free Education in Iraq Health care, Farm Subsidies, infrastructure UNESCO Award

Saddam the High School Teacher

Cairo ↑

1979 Saddam Takes Power Sad 12s8

1979 President Saddam Hussein 1980 – 1988 Iran –Iraq war 1981 Israel bombs nuclear facility at Osirak 1988 Halabja poison gas attack 1990 Invasion of Kuwait, Gulf War I No Fly Zones, Sanctions 2003 Gulf War II

Trial and Execution The execution of Saddam Hussein took place on 30 December Hussein was sentenced to death by hanging, after being found guilty and convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for the murder of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites in the town of Dujail in 1982, in retaliation for an assassination attempt against him

Sons of Saddam

Modern Government 2005 constitution, democratic, federal parliamentary Islamic republic Executive, legislative, and judicial branches, 2005 Election of National Assembly Post Iraqi Transitional Government – Nouri al Maliki – Haider al Abadi Provinces, semi autonomous Kurdistan

Post-Intervention 2003 Al Qaeda in Iraq 2006 Abu Musab al Zarqawi Muqtada al Sadr Mahdi Army GrandeAyatollah Ali Sistani 2005 Anbar Awakening

Sectarianism

Nouri al Maliki Took office in 2006 Extensive corruption Failure of inclusion Abuse of de Ba’athification Laws to target political opponents Protesters branded as terrorists

Haider al Abidai Maliki refuse to step down, citing constitutional violations Strong criticism from the Dawa Party and the international community, including Iran Revenue sharing with Kurdish regional government Challenge military corruption eliminating 50,000 Ghost soldiers. IS threat has resulted in a pivot of relations away from US toward Russia and Iran

ISIS, ISIL, The Islamic State, al DAESH

Abu Bakr al Baghdadi Defiance of al Qaeda Central Declaration of the Caliphate in Mosul Erased the Syrian Iraqi border Kurdish Peshmerga