Erdstall

An erdstall is a type of tunnel found across Europe. There are more than 700 curious tunnel networks in Bavaria, Germany, but their purpose remains a mystery. The tunnel entrances are sometimes located in the kitchens of old farmhouses, near churches and cemeteries or in the middle of a forest. A variety of purposes have been theorized. First, erdstall was probably used to store food and livestock. According to scholars, the entry points to many of these tunnels can also be accessed from the basements of old farmhouses. This implies that the tunnels were probably constructed for the farmers to save their resources such as food and domesticated animals to be available during winter months. Second, the tunnels were simply hiding places. Around 1700, the Hungarian rebels known as Kurucs, with the backing of the Ottoman Turks, ransacked the countryside. Robbers also posed a threat in the region. They raided remote villages and used crowbars ( 쇠지렛대 ) to get into the houses. Historians believe that the farmers quickly fled underground "from this vermin ( 악당 )," taking their valuables with them. A final theory is that the tunnels were built as ritual spaces that served as graves for the souls of the dead. Scholars said that the tunnels were waiting rooms in which the souls of the dead were to spend the period until the Second coming of Christ.

독해 읽고 시간 남으면 할 일 1.Relax 2. 빈 종이 전부에 선 긋기 3. 독해 핵심 문장 일부 어휘 미리 교체

There isn’t a single written record of the construction of an Erdstall dating from (~ 로 거슬러 올라가다 ) the medieval period. The tunnels were completely hushed up, and the theories in your article are just wild guesses. ( 마구잡이 추측 ) First, the tunnels could not have been used to store food, because the tunnels are too inconvenient to serve the purpose. Some tunnels were flooded in the winter, which made it hard for people to put aside food they could feed on. Besides, scholars found no traces of cereal residues ( 곡물 찌꺼기 ). Also, the lack of evidence of feces ( 배설물 ) indicates that they were not used to house livestock, either. Second, the problem with the hiding place theory is that the tunnels are very narrow. Additionally, the tunnels have only one entrance: they have no rear entrances. Furthermore, according to investigations, the tunnels kept little oxygen, and can only accommodate a few people. All these facts prove that the tunnels were not hideaways. Third, it is hard to believe that the tunnels were built for religious purposes. If the tunnels had been used ( 가정법 과거 완료  과거 사실의 가정 ) as places for religion, all the villages would have had the common religion. While some villages had the same religion, other villages didn’t.

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The theories set forth in the article concerning the salvation of forest resources in developing nations are genuine, but they will not work. First, the funds will not contribute to the prevention of forest destruction. In fact, some parts of the forest will be turned into farming land and used to grow crops to feed an increasing population. The farmers will then use intensive farming techniques in order to raise productivity, potentially causing adverse effects to the environment due to the use of pesticides. Second, since the funds will likely be allocated to governments or landowners, they will also not be helpful to the farmers who reside in towns. The governments or landowners will attempt to exploit these funds for various projects, none of which will be of benefit to the farmers. Finally, the funds will have no effect on the increased biodiversity in forests. In fact, people will exploit the forests for financial gain. For example, if they know that there is a lot of demand for a certain type of vegetation, they will concentrate on the growth of this particular vegetation at the expense of all others, which could in turn harm biodiversity in the forests.

note-taking 컨테스트 1.2~3 명이 한 팀 이루어 한 장의 완성본 제출 2. 내용의 정확성 최우선 고려 + 약어 / 기호 / 부호 사용 고려