Criminal Investigation Basic Perspectives CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston THIRTEENTH EDITION Robbery 11

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery The essential elements of robbery  Taking of personal property from the person or presence of a possessor  Taking against the possessor's will  Taking by force or fear continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery Degrees of robbery  First degree Robbery while armed with a dangerous or deadly weapon likely to cause death or serious injury  Second degree Robbery accomplished by physical force or its threat but without a weapon, including purse snatching

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Robbery Estimated 354,000 robberies in the United States in 2012 About 28% of the robbery cases were cleared. Losses due to robbery were estimated at $414 million a year. Robbery is a felony-level crime.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery Difference between robbery and extortion  Robbery involves the consent resulting from force or fear.  Extortion involves the victim consenting more willingly.  Consent may be induced by persuasive threats that are related to future harm or disgrace rather than here-and-now harm. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery Robbery has been categorized as having three styles 1.Ambush The least planned of all and is based on the element of surprise 2.Selective-raid robbery Involves a minimum of planning but involves some casing of the robbery scene continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery Robbery has been categorized as having three styles 3.Planned-operation robbery Carefully structured The robbery group examines all aspects of the situation and plans for all foreseeable contingences. The group may engage in practice runs in this style of robbery. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery Investigators should search for link-ups or connect-ups that will indicate the operations of a group. Linking of connecting may lead to the identification of four or five members of a gang.  May lead to some clues about the style of a particular robbery gang continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery Participants in a robbery  Robber The person(s) actually committing the crime  Getaway driver A specialist who remains in the escape vehicle until the robbers have completed the robbery, then picks them up and flees continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery Participants in a robbery  Backup person A member of the gang who remains in the background unnoticed and, in case of trouble, supports the members of the gang who are actually committing the robbery continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery Participants in a robbery  Backup person Protects the crime partners from the unexpected Fights off the police who might chance on the scene or respond to a silent alarm continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Components of Robbery Signature aspects are typical of robberies.  These trademarks are part of the modus operandi of a crime.  May distinguish it as work of a specific robber or robbery group

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston The Target in Robberies The selection of a target in robberies offers clues about who did it. Planned robberies  What the offender did before the crime can suggest suspects.  Offender considers the victim, operational facts, weapons used, who will be present, and escape route. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston The Target in Robberies Unplanned robberies  Offender acts on impulse.  Selects a weapon based on availability  Haphazardly cruises an area in search of a victim During the investigation, an officer needs to determine if the robbery is planned or unplanned. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston The Target in Robberies Bank robbery  Target because that's where the money is  "Take over" robberies involve a number of people entering and robbing the bank, and it is rare.  Typically, a bank robber is a single person with a note. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston The Target in Robberies Bank robbery  Banks are federally insured, and this makes bank robbery a federal crime.  Robberies are a serial crime.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Bank Robbery Prevention Video surveillance cameras Alarm systems Double entry door system Bullet proof glass/plastic Bait money continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Bank Robbery Prevention Dye packs GPS devices Armed guards Training

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston The Target in Robberies Home invasion  Relatively rare, but they can be lucrative.  Typically robbers will talk their way into a home, or force to break or push their way into the home. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston The Target in Robberies Other types of robberies  Drug house robberies  Street robberies  Carjacking

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Identification Evidence Identification is made through facial characteristics, identifying natural marks or tattoos, hair line and color, race, clothing, speech characteristics and unusual habits or nervous spasms.  If the victim is killed or unable to see the robber's face, identification can be made by general physical build, fingerprints, footprints, type of disguise, and type of weapon. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Identification Evidence Grounds for attacking the credibility of the identification evidence  Failure to safeguard the rights of the accused in placing a suspect in a police lineup  Conflict between the physical description given by witnesses and the actual appearance of the defendant in court continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Identification Evidence Grounds for attacking the credibility of the identification evidence  Suggestive use of photographs  Conflict between the weapon described and the injuries or weapon presented in court  Conflict between the vehicle described by the witness and the actual vehicle used

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Checklist for the Investigation of Robbery Assume the suspect is present and make the arrest. Ascertain if the suspect left the scene and, if so, how. Provide a description of the suspect to the dispatcher. Search for the suspect. Search the crime scene for evidence. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Checklist for the Investigation of Robbery Search the scene for witnesses. Advised the superior officer of the details of the case. Prepare a report on the preliminary investigation. Compile a physical description of suspect. Ascertain the modus operandi. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Checklist for the Investigation of Robbery Locate and interview informants. Identify robbery groups. Identify the style of the robbery. Identify basic leads. Identify and arrest the offender(s). Prepare the case.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Repeat-Offender Cases Career criminals have previous arrests. Career criminals comprise a high percentage of armed robbers. Aggravated robbery occurs more often from career criminals. Career criminals are more convictable. Witnesses are generally more cooperative with repeat offenders.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Carjacking The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle by force or threat of force from a person or the immediate presence of the victim The most common carjacking is described as one committed by an assailant in his or her 20s with a pistol or revolver and a crime partner. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Carjacking This crime should be treated as a crime of violence against the person and not as a property crime. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Carjacking Main goal is not to recover the car, but to identify the offender. Outline of carjacking investigation  The crime scene is the same as robbery plus an expanded canvass.  The in-progress crime scene  The dump scene is where the car is found. continued on next slide

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Carjacking Outline of carjacking investigation  The prearrest scene is the modus operandi search.  The receiver scene is where the parts are sold.  The fraud scene is the use of the credit cards.  Postarrest is the development of a crime partner.

Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminal Investigation: Basic Perspectives, 13e Lushbaugh | Weston Problems of Proof First major problem involves identifying the defendant as the robber. The second problem is how to show conclusively that the crime is a robbery. The victim is mandated by the elements of the crime to testify that he or she handed over money or valuables out of fear.