1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3- 1 Patterns of Crime Chapter 3

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 2 Classifications of Crime ► Violent crime ► Property crime ► Crimes Against the Public Order

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 3 Violent Crime ► Homicide ► Sexual assault ► Robbery ► Assault ► Hate crime

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 4 Homicide Two types of homicide: 1. Culpable Homicide  Murder  Manslaughter  infanticide 2. Non-Culpable Homicide  Justifiable homicide (e.g. police)  Excusable homicide (e.g. self-defence)

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 5 Sexual Assault ► Legislation focuses on the violent nature of the act. ► Criminal Code of Canada outlines three levels of sexual assault based on degree of violence: ► Level 1 sexual assault ► Level 2 sexual assault ► Level 3 sexual assault

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 6 Robbery ► A violent personal crime. ► Committed in the presence of a victim. ► Involves threatened or actual use of force or violence. ► Involves theft or attempted theft.

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 7 Assault The intentional or threatened application of force on another person without consent. ► Majority of assaults perpetrated by adult males. ► Victims are as likely to be female as male.

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 8 Categories of Assault 1. Level 1 assault ► Includes punching, slapping, pushing etc. 2. Level 2 assault ► Use of weapon or results in bodily harm 3. Level 3 assault ► Wound, maim, disfigure or endanger life of victim 4. Other assault ► E.g. use of force against peace officer

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 9 Hate Crimes ► Courts consider hate motivation an aggravating circumstance when sentencing. ► Number of hate crimes measured using: 1.Victimization Surveys 2.Police-reported Data ► Approximately 4% of criminal incidents were motivated by hate.

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 10 Property Crime ► Breaking and Entering ► Theft ► Motor-Vehicle Theft ► Offences Involving Motor Vehicles ► Counterfeiting

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 11 Breaking and Entering ► The invasion of personal territory or a workspace. ► Often results in theft or destruction of property. ► The UCR categorizes into three types: 1. Residential 2. Business 3. Other

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 12 Theft ► Categories of theft included in Criminal Code of Canada:  Theft of gas, electricity or telecommunications  Theft of credit card ► Severity is determined by monetary value of property taken  Theft over $5000.00  Theft $5000.00 and under

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 13 Motor-Vehicle Theft ► Not included in the Criminal Code category: Airplanes Trains Boats Spacecrafts ► Often perpetrated by male youth. ► Carjaking  Forced abdication of the vehicle by its owner to the felon.  No Criminal Code section for this offence.  Usually dealt with as a robbery.

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 14 Offences Involving Motor Vehicles Criminal Code offences include:  Dangerous operation of a motor vehicle  Failure to stop at the scene of an accident  Operating while impaired  Driving while disqualified

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 15 Counterfeiting ► Any unauthorized reproduction of something with the intention that it be accepted as genuine. ► Commonly refers to:  Reproduction of currency  Forging of credit cards or debit cards  Documents for identification (e.g. passport)  Any paper that represents value (e.g. stamps)

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 16 Crimes Against the Public Order ProstitutionIncludes:  Communicating for the purposes of buying or selling sexual services.  Running a bawdy house.  Living on the avails of prostitution.

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 3 - 17 Crimes Against the Public Order Illicit drugs  Controlled Drugs and Substances Act  Two categories of offences: ► Supply offences ► Possession offences