Image from: Image by Riedell CELL GROWTH & DIVISION 10-, 10-2, & 10-3

REMEMBER: ALL LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE Produces offspring by combining DNA from 2 parents ASEXUAL Produces offspring using DNA from only 1 parent SEXUAL

… and grew bigger! You started as a single cell

Image by Riedell ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop Multicellular organisms grow by increasing ______ AND ___________ size numbers

Why not just make ONE GIANT cell to grow bigger?

BIGGER CELLS NEED MORE FOOD and OXYGEN... but CAN’T TRANSPORT IT FAST ENOUGH or IN LARGE ENOUGH QUANTITIES!

SAME AMOUNT OF DNA has to provide more and more information to keep all the cell parts working! = __________________ = ____________________ DNA OVERLOAD

As cell grows bigger demand on DNA “genetic library” becomes too great Ex: As town adds more people, you may have to wait to read the most popular books

SPREAD OUT IN NON-DIVIDING CELLS SCRUNCHED UP IN DIVIDING CELLS CHROMATIN CHROMOSOMES REMEMBER: DNA CAN BE

DNA in PROKARYOTES BACTERIAL DNA is CIRCULAR HAVE ONE CHROMOSOME NO NUCLEUS; ATTACHED TO CELL MEMBRANE

DNA in EUKARYOTES (Plants & Animals) DNA is ROD-SHAPED CHROMOSOMES FOUND IN NUCLEUS COME IN PAIRS

Chromosome structure ___________________ 2 identical arms __________________ area that holds chromatids together __________________ PAIR 2 of each chromosome (one from mom; one from dad) CHROMATIDS CENTROMERE HOMOLOGOUS

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES SAME SIZE SAME SHAPE CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS BUT ______________! (Don’t have to have the SAME CHOICES) NOT IDENTICAL

______________ = series of events that cells go through as they grow and develop cells alive cell cycle CELL CYCLE

INTERPHASE – non-dividing phase _____- Grow bigger Cell is “doing its job” DNA is spread out as chromatin _____ - Synthesis (copy DNA) & chromosomal proteins ____ - Grow bigger, make organelles & molecules needed for cell division G1G1 S G2G2

CELL DIVISION ______________– Nuclear division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis – Cytoplasm divides _____– cell stops dividing (Ex: nerve cell) G0G0 MITOSIS

Go to Section: M phase G 2 phase S phase G 1 phase Figure 10–4 The Cell Cycle Section 10-2

INTERPHASE (G 1 - S - G 2 ) ____________divisions Cells are in this phase most of the time Can see nucleus DNA spread out as chromatin Can’t see chromosomes DNA gets copied (S) Cell gets ready to divide In between

PROPHASE ____ dividing phase Spindle fibers form & attach to chromosomes Nuclear membrane & nucleolus disappear DNA scrunches into chromosomes Centrioles appear in next to nucleus & move to opposite sides of cell Pearson Education Inc publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall 1st

Spindle MICROTUBULES attach to centromeres

METAPHASE Chromosomes line up in ___________ middle Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

ANAPHASE Centromeres split Centrioles pull chromatids_______ apart Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

TELOPHASE (reverse prophase steps) See ______ nuclei Nuclear membrane & nucleolus return Chromosomes spread out as chromatin Centrioles disappear Spindle fibers disappear two Images from: Pearson Eduction Ince; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

CYTOKINESIS Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells ANIMAL CELLS pinch cytoplasm in two with a ______________________ CLEAVAGE FURROW

CYTOKINESIS Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells PLANT CELLS can’t pinch because they have a sturdy ____________ Plant cells separate cytoplasm by growing a _______________ down the middle. CELL PLATE CELL WALL

Videos Animal Cell Mitosis Animal Cell Cytokinesis

Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Go to Section: Centrioles Chromatin Interphase Nuclear envelope Cytokinesis Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Anaphase Individual chromosomes Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Prophase Centromere Spindle forming Section 10-2 Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Transport (ANALYSIS) cell membranes, homeostasis Cell life cycles (ANALYSIS) Examples: somatic cells (mitosis) LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict the outcome of changes in the cell cycle; predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe the relationship between structure and function explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems; compare and contrast the cell cycles in somatic and germ cells; High school students performing at the BASIC level recognize that different structures perform different functions define homeostasis; describe the life cycle of somatic cells;