CP: Evolution and Ecology Review

Natural selection Organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce ie bunnies on pHET simulation in class. White bunnies succeed in white arctic environment. Mutated brown bunnies are less successful. If, over many generations of bunnies, the environment warms and snow melts, the mutated brown bunnies will be more successful.

Index Fossils – common fossil of known age

Fossils Preserved remains or traces of organisms long dead. Not alive today but any similarity to us? Similarity suggests we evolved from organisms that are no longer here.

Hutton and Lyell For Earth to form it must have taken enormous amounts of time with both catastrophic and small events

Taxonomy Binomial nomenclature 2 name naming system (ie Homo sapiens)

Dihybrid cross Review these

Linnaeus Animals and plants only

Geographic isolation- lead to speciation

Fossil formation in sedimentary rock OA OA

Speciation-and adaptive radiation- a new species arises an event in which a lineage rapidly diversifies, with the newly formed lineages evolving different adaptations.

Hardy Weinberg Formula To determine a shift in allele frequencies within a population (determine if evolution is happening in a population. ) p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 and p + q = 1 p= frequency of DOMINANT brown bunny allele (B)=70% (0.7) q=frequency of RECESSIVE white bunny allele (b)= 30% (0.3) = 1 or 100%

Carbon 14 dating -radioactive dating

Carbon-14 dating (Radioactive decay)

C 14 half life Every 5730 yrs, ½ of the mass of a sample of carbon-14 decays to nitrogen-14. The percent of carbon 14 is maintained in the environment through ionizing radiation. When you die you stop taking up NEW Carbon 14, and the Carbon 14 you have continues to decay.

Half-life This the the amount of time it takes for ½ the mass of a sample of a radioactive substance to decay In Carbon 14, this time is 5730 yrs.

C 14 half life Because we know how much carbon-14, by mass, should be in a sample of bone at the time of death, we can determine how long ago death occurred based on what fraction of c-14 remains in the bone. If half remains, it has gone through 1 half life (5730 yrs.) If a ¼ remains, then it has gone through 2 half lives (11000 yrs)

Radioactive isotopes Can be used to determine age of rocks. Must use isotope with long half life, such as Uranium.

Genetic drift In a small population, a random event can have a big effect on which alleles make it to the next generation.

Carbon cycle – carbon flow Biological and non-biological reservoirs

Gene Pool

Evolutionary “fitness” Some phenotype variation between these two birds

Levels of ecological organization

Individual – one member of a population Population- all members of once species in a defined area Community-all living things in a defined area, and how they interact Ecosystem- a community (living things) interacting with its non-living (abiotic) environment.

Producers and consumers

Food web and Who eats what and is eaten by whom?

Trophic levels in food web

Water cycle

Lamarck’s wrong idea of Acquired characteristics Characteristics passed down to the next generation are NOT acquired by the parents during the parents lives. Pic. A below is wrong.

Most organisms that ever lived are now extinct.