The War to End War Chapter

Explain the importance of Wilson’s definition of war aims. Show why his sweeping declaration of the Fourteen Points stirred tremendous enthusiasm in both America and Europe

War by Act of Germany Wilson asks congress to arm American merchant ships Zimmermann note found- German-Mexican alliance to retrieve Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona German submarines continued to sink American ships

War by Act of Germany (continued) Russian revolution took place War could now be made about democracy April 6, 1917 Wilson declares war ource/zimmermann.htmhttp:// ource/zimmermann.htm

Force, force to the utmost, force without stint or limit”

Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned Declaration of war went against typical American isolationism Midwest felt no effects of the war To gather support and unity Wilson proclaimed the war “To make the world safe for democracy”

Wilson’s 14 points Wilson wanted to -keep Russia in the war -create disunity in enemies’ government by appealing to dissatisfied minorities - Open independence (self determination) for native countries

Creel Manipulates Minds George Creel- -journalist hired by Wilson -job was to win the minds of the public to support Wilson’s goals Pamphlets and speeches were distributed Led the world to expect too much from Wilson

Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent 8 million Germans in America Hatred of Germans swept across America Espionage Act of It prescribed a $10,000 fine and 20 years' imprisonment for interfering with the recruiting of troops or the disclosure of information dealing with national defense.

Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent Sedition Act- The law made it a crime to criticize by speech or writing the government or Constitution. Schnenck v. US- Supreme Court held that speech could be revoked when it posed a clear and present danger to the nation

Workers in Wartime War department-work or fight -unemployed males were drafted Right to create unions were denied Greatest strike in American history took place in steel mills Numerous blacks were brought in to replace them Large number of riots take place Over 300,000 blacks would be drafted into war Fought in segregated units

Forging a War Economy Women given the right to vote-19 th amendment after dutifully helping America during war Herbert Hoover-head of Food Administration -Urged conservation of food through wheatless Wednesdays and meatless Tuesdays

Forging a War Economy Concept of self denial would lead to prohibition 18 th amendment passed- prohibited alcohol Farm production increased by ¼ and food export tripled Liberty Loans were promoted-could be redeemed at full value with interest Forced German Americans to buy them Conservation of energy

Making Plowboys into Doughboys Allies were broke and had little food America originally thought involvement would just be with navy Conscription Law is implemented- mostly convicts Women were admitted into the arm forces

Fighting in France/America helps Hammer the Hun Lenin comes to power w/ help of Germany and Russia pulls out Germans came with in 40 miles of Paris American soldiers arrive and Drive back Germans at Battle of Chateau-Thierry New weapons the Tank plays a huge role and airplanes dropping bombs Lost many men because of Pershing’s tactics

Fighting in France/America Helps Hammer the Hun -Blockade by Britain -Defeat of other Central powers -Wilson’s promises were seductive to German allies

The 14 points Disarm Germany Prospect of US troops helped to end the war Germans surrendered November 1918 seeking peace based on 14 points US demanded their own army US only fought two major battles-St. Mihel & Meuse Argonne offensive

Wilson Steps Down from Olympus Wilson was very popular abroad but failed to help Democrats win Congress Didn’t command a legislative backing Failed to include a republican in peace delegation First president to travel to Europe

An Idealist Battles Imperialists in Paris Anarchy and communism was visibly on the way in Europe Wilson's primary goal was to establish a world parliament-League of Nations Wilson didn’t allow victors to take possessions of conquered territory Britain got Iraq Wilson created League Covenant- All nations would have a seat and there would be a council for all the great nations

The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War Most of the 14 points were not honored Wilson was forced to compromise Treaty was made out of vengeance Wilson left Paris bitter

The Domestic Parade of Prejudice Hun haters thought the treaty was too soft Liberals thought it was too hard Isolationist wanted no part of alliances Irish Americans thought Britain should not have additional five votes

Hammering Out the Treaty France got profits from the Saar Basin history.com/pages/h1350.htmlhttp:// history.com/pages/h1350.html Japan demanded China’s Shandong but only received economic holdings from Shandong Wilson goes on massive tour in the US to promote the treaty

Defeat Through Deadlock Wilson becomes sick, wife basically runs the White House Congress had issues with Article X because it morally bound them to join war -Congress wanted this power for themselves Senator Lodge led the campaign against Wilson

Defeat Through Deadlock Democrats refused to accept Lodge’s reservations Wilson refused to compromise Treaty was defeated

The Solemn Referendum Harding is elected president Emphasis on return to normalcy All hope for the League vanished Wilson died in 1924

The Betrayal of Great Expectations America’s refusal to join the league led to its collapse US would not honor treaty with France Germany would re-arm US turned away from role of world regulator