Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 10 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 10

Key Concepts  Factors affecting human population size  Managing population growth  Human population problems

Factors Affecting Human Population Size  Population change equation  Crude birth rate (BR)  Crude death rate (DR) Population Change Population Change = = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration) Refer to Figure 10-3, p. 177

Describing Population Changes  Doubling Times  “Rule of 70”  Fertility  Replacement-level Fertility  Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates  Children in Labor Force  Cost of raising and educating children  Availability of pension systems  Urbanization  Education and employment for women  Infant mortality rate  Average marrying age  Abortion  Availability of birth control  Children in Labor Force  Cost of raising and educating children  Availability of pension systems  Urbanization  Education and employment for women  Infant mortality rate  Average marrying age  Abortion  Availability of birth control

U.S. Birth Rates: Fig. 10-8, p Births per thousand population Year Demographic transition Depression End of World War II Baby boomBaby bustEcho baby boom

Click to view animation. Animation U.S. age structure interaction.

Factors Affecting Death Rates  Life expectancy  Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Ages 0-14 Ages Ages Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Male Female Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden Population Age Structure Fig p. 184

Solutions: Influencing Population Size  Migration  Environmental refugees  Reducing births  Family planning  Empowerment of women  Economic rewards and penalties

Population Projections Based on Different Fertility Assumptions

World Population Growth and Absolute Growth

The Demographic Transition Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate Time Fig p. 189

Click to view animation. Animation Demographic transition model interaction.

The Demographic Transition

Demographic Transition Comparisons

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India  Poor planning  Bureaucratic inefficiency  Low status of women  Extreme poverty  Lack of support Generally disappointing results:

Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China  Economic incentives  Free medical care  Preferential treatment  Very intrusive and coercive  Locally administered

Cutting Global Population Growth  Family planning  Reduce poverty  Elevate the status of women  Improve health care  Increase education  Involve men in parenting  Sustainability