PSYCHOLOGY Unit 7B Thinking and Language
Thinking Cognition mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating i.e. concept formation, problem solving, decision making, judgment formation
Thinking Concept mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people Prototype best example of a category match new items to the prototype easiest way to include items in a category Concept (Dog) --> Prototype (Golden Retriever)
Problem Solving Algorithm Methodical and logical procedure that guarantees solving a problem
Problem Solving Heuristic simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
Problem Solving Heuristic -> faster Algorithms -> more often correct
Problem Solving Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G Algorithm all 907,208 combinations Heuristic throw out all YY combinations other heuristics?
Decisions and Judgments Representativeness Heuristic judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes may lead one to ignore other relevant information Using stereotypes A person who is short, slim, and likes to read poetry…. Is he more likely a college professor or a truck driver?
Decisions and Judgments Availability Heuristic estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common Examples: Airplane crash Where does “K” appear more often.. The first or third letter in a word?
Problem Solving Insight sudden realization of the solution to a problem the ‘aha’ moment
Problem Solving Insight Monkey – Banana Research After an extended period of failing to succeed by jumping, the monkeys would stop and then suddenly figure out how to reach the banana
Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. It is an academic field of study which studies the goal of creating intelligence.
Problem Solving Fixation inability to see a problem from a new perspective Rigidity Lack of flexibility and creativity Following strict rules
Problem Solving Functional Fixedness Functional Fixedness tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Decisions and Judgments Framing the way an issue is posed how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments Example: What is the best way to market ground beef--as 25% fat or 75% lean?
Decisions and Judgments Overconfidence tendency to be more confident than correct tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments
Problem Solving Hindsight Bias The inclination to see events that have already occurred as being more predictable than they were before they took place. Also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism Hindsight bias may cause memory distortion, where the recollection and reconstruction of content can lead to false theoretical outcomes.
Problem Solving Confirmation Bias tend to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
Decisions and Judgments Belief Bias the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning Belief Perseverance clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Problem Solving Mental Set tendency to approach a problem in a particular way (especially a way that has been successful in the past)
Problem Solving Convergent Thinking Following a particular set of steps to arrive at a correct answer Divergent Thinking Generating innovative ideas to create multiple solutions to a problem
Problem Solving Creativity Ability to produce something new through imaginative skill
Language Language our spoken, written, or gestured works and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
Language Genes design the mechanisms for a language, and experience activates them as it modifies the brain
Language Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Whorf’s hypothesis that language affects the way we think, perceive and remember Think of semantic encoding involving language Nativist Theory of Language Acquisition the biological belief that language is an innate feature of humans We are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) Noam Chomsky
Language We are all born to recognize speech sounds from all the world’s languages Percentage able to discriminate Hindi t’s Hindi- speaking adults 6-8 months 8-10 months months English- speaking adults Infants from English-speaking homes
Language Phoneme in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit Morpheme in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
DOGS 2 morphemes -- DOG and S 4 phonemes – D-v-G-Z
Language Babbling Stage beginning at 3 to 4 months infants spontaneously utter various sounds at first unrelated to the household language One-Word Stage from about age 1 to 2 the stage in which a child speaks mostly in single words Two-Word Stage beginning about age 2 the stage in which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements or telegraphic speech Telegraphic Speech a child speaks like a telegram-–“go car”--using mostly nouns and verbs usually during the Two-word stage
Language Two-Word Stage beginning about age 2 the stage in which a child speaks in mostly two- word statements Telegraphic Speech a child speaks like a telegram-–“go car”--using mostly nouns and verbs
Language Summary of Language Development Month (approximate) Stage Babbles many speech sounds. Babbling reveals households language. One-word stage. Two-world, telegraphic speech. Language develops rapidly into complete sentences.
Language Grammar a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others Semantics the set of rules by which we derive meaning (add –s to a word to mean multiple) Syntax the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language Examples: Tone, types of sentences and phrasing the big red balloon, not the red big balloon,
Language New language learning gets harder with age Native Percentage correct on grammar test Age at school
Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things to simulate human thought processes intuitive reasoning learning understanding language
Artificial Intelligence Computer Neural Networks computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells performing tasks learning to recognize visual patterns learning to recognize smells
Animal Thinking and Language Animal language is the modeling of human language in non human animal systems. While the term is widely used, researchers agree that animal languages are not as complex or expressive as human language.
Animal Thinking and Language The straight-line part of the dance points in the direction of a nectar source, relative to the sun Direction of nectar source
Animal Thinking and Language Gestured Communication
Animal Thinking and Language Is this really language? Koko Koko