MODERN RADAR
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
BASICS OF RADAR RADAR SENDS OUT A SERIES OF PULSES OF ENERGY
BASICS OF RADAR . . 2 RADAR PULSES BOUNCE OFF AIRCRAFT AND RADAR DISH RECIEVES RETURNED SIGNAL COMPUTER MEASURES HOW LONG BETWEEN TIME THE PULSE IS SENT OUT AND WHEN IT RETURNS: . . TIME (SEC) SPEED OF LIGHT (186,000 MILES PER SECOND) 2 DISTANCE TO AIRCRAFT
BASICS OF RADAR RADAR PULSES BOUNCE OFF AIRCRAFT AND RADAR DISH RECIEVES RETURNED SIGNAL DIRECTION OF RETURN PULSE GIVES AZIMUTH AND HEIGHT OF AIRCRAFT (FROM ANGLE AND DISTANCE)
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
DOPPLER EFFECT STATIONARY
DOPPLER EFFECT STATIONARY MOVING TOWARDS
DOPPLER EFFECT STATIONARY MOVING TOWARDS MOVING AWAY
DOPPLER EFFECT STATIONARY
DOPPLER EFFECT STATIONARY
DOPPLER EFFECT STATIONARY MOVING TOWARDS
DOPPLER EFFECT STATIONARY MOVING TOWARDS
DOPPLER EFFECT STATIONARY MOVING TOWARDS MOVING AWAY
DOPPLER EFFECT STATIONARY MOVING TOWARDS MOVING AWAY
DOPPLER EFFECT
DOPPLER EFFECT
DOPPLER EFFECT
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
INVERSE SQUARE LAW EMITTED POWER IS RADIATED AS A SPHERE, IT’S POWER PER SQ METER DECREASES AS THE SPHERE GETS BIGGER
INVERSE SQUARE LAW EMITTED POWER IS RADIATED AS A SPHERE, IT’S POWER PER SQ METER DECREASES AS THE SPHERE GETS BIGGER
INVERSE SQUARE LAW EMITTED POWER IS RADIATED AS A SPHERE, IT’S POWER PER SQ METER DECREASES AS THE SPHERE GETS BIGGER
INVERSE SQUARE LAW EMITTED POWER IS RADIATED AS A SPHERE, IT’S POWER PER SQ METER DECREASES AS THE SPHERE GETS BIGGER SAME AMOUNT OF POWER IS SPREAD OVER A LARGER AND LARGER AREA
INVERSE SQUARE LAW EMITTED POWER IS RADIATED AS A SPHERE, IT’S POWER PER SQ METER DECREASES AS THE SPHERE GETS BIGGER SAME AMOUNT OF POWER IS SPREAD OVER A LARGER AND LARGER AREA
INVERSE SQUARE LAW EMITTED POWER IS RADIATED AS A SPHERE, IT’S POWER PER SQ METER DECREASES AS THE SPHERE GETS BIGGER SAME AMOUNT OF POWER IS SPREAD OVER A LARGER AND LARGER AREA
INVERSE SQUARE LAW r INVERSE SQUARE LAW: AREA OF A SPHERE = 4 r2 AREA INCREASES AS THE SQUARE OF THE RADIUS AREA OF A SPHERE = 4 r2 r POWER / M2 = POWER RADIATED / AREA OF SPHERE
INVERSE SQUARE LAW r INVERSE SQUARE LAW: AREA OF A SPHERE = 4 r2 AREA INCREASES AS THE SQUARE OF THE RADIUS AREA OF A SPHERE = 4 r2 DOUBLE THE RADIUS, AREA INCREASES 4X AND 1/4 THE POWER TEN TIMES THE RADIUS, AREA INCREASES 100X AND 1/100 THE POWER r POWER / M2 = POWER RADIATED / AREA OF SPHERE
INVERSE SQUARE LAW r INVERSE SQUARE LAW: AREA OF A SPHERE = 4 r2 AREA INCREASES AS THE SQUARE OF THE RADIUS AREA OF A SPHERE = 4 r2 POWER = 1 kW IF RADIUS = 1 METER: AREA = 12.6 M2 SO POWER = kW / M2 IF RADIUS = 2 METER: AREA = 50 M2 IF RADIUS = 10 METER: AREA = 1260 M2 DOUBLE THE RADIUS, AREA INCREASES 4X AND 1/4 THE POWER TEN TIMES THE RADIUS, AREA INCREASES 100X AND 1/100 THE POWER 1 12.6 r 1 50 1 1260 POWER / M2 = POWER RADIATED / AREA OF SPHERE
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
POWER REQUIREMENTS - RADARS ONLY EMIT IN A TIGHT PATTERN, NOT 360º, SO ENERGY IS ORIGINALLY TIGHTLY FOCUSED - ONCE EMITTED THOUGH, THE ENERGY STILL DISSIPATES ACCORDING TO THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW
POWER REQUIREMENTS ONCE THE RADAR PULSES BOUNCE OFF AN AIRCRAFT, THE POWER IS REDUCED BY THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE AGAIN, RESULTING IN A POWER DECREASE = r 4! DOUBLING THE DISTANCE RESULTS IN 24 LESS ENERGY = 1/16th THE POWER TEN TIMES THE DISTANCE RESULTS IN 104 LESS ENERGY = 1/10,000 THE POWER!
POWER REQUIREMENTS WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN? - TRANSMITTERS NEED TO EMIT A LOT OF POWER - RECEIVERS NEED TO BE ABLE TO DETECT VERY WEAK RETURNS *** THE LARGER THE ANTENNA RECEIVER, THE MORE SENSITIVE
RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN ALL THE WAY BACK
RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN ALL THE WAY BACK
RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN ALL THE WAY BACK
RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN ALL THE WAY BACK
RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN ALL THE WAY BACK
RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN ALL THE WAY BACK
RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: RADAR SIGNAL MUST GO ALL THE WAY OUT TO THE TARGET, THEN ALL THE WAY BACK
JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: JAMMER SIGNAL ONLY HAS TO TRAVEL ONE WAY, SO THE SIGNAL ARRIVES AT THE RADAR WITH MORE POWER THAN THE RADAR SIGNAL
JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: JAMMER SIGNAL ONLY HAS TO TRAVEL ONE WAY, SO THE SIGNAL ARRIVES AT THE RADAR WITH MORE POWER THAN THE RADAR SIGNAL
JAMMING POWER ADVANTAGE: JAMMER SIGNAL ONLY HAS TO TRAVEL ONE WAY, SO THE SIGNAL ARRIVES AT THE RADAR WITH MORE POWER THAN THE RADAR SIGNAL
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
RADAR ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES (ECM) TWO TYPES: - PASSIVE COUNTERMEASURES: - REFLECTORS - CHAFF - DECOYS - STEALTH - ACTIVE COUNTERMEASURES - HARD KILL - JAMMING
PASSIVE ECM REFLECTORS: REFELCTORS ON THE AIRCRAFT CAUSE SPURIOUS RETURNS THAT MAY CONFUSE SOME OLDER RADARS
PASSIVE ECM DECOYS: RELEASE DECOYS WITH THE SAME RADAR CROSS SECTION AS THE AIRCRAFT SO RADAR DOESN’T KNOW WHICH IS THE REAL ONE
PASSIVE ECM CHAFF: CHAFF REFLECTS THE RADAR SIGNAL BACK ALSO, HIDING THE AIRCRAFT IN A “CLOUD” OF RETURNS *** CHAFF MUST BE CUT TO SPECIFIC LENGTHS ACCORDING TO THE WAVELANGTH () OF THE TARGET RADAR(S) (LENGTH = / 2 )
PASSIVE ECM STEALTH: STEALTH ABSORBS SOME OF THE ENERGY AND REFLECTS THE REST OF THE SIGNALS AWAY FROM THE RADAR
ACTIVE ECM - HARD KILL AGM-88C High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) Homes on Emitted Radar Radiation and Destroys Radar
ACTIVE ECM - HARD KILL Conventional Attack Against Known Radar Sites: - Cruise Missile attacks against known radars to “punch a hole in the defenses” - Dedicated Fighter or Attack Helicopter attacks on known radar sites and SAM systems - Decoys to force mobile SAMs to radiate, allowing targeting by CAS or Interdiction Aircraft
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING RADAR RETURN NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY IF RADAR RETURN IS STRONGER THAN THE NATURAL OCCURRING BACKGROUND NOISE, (S/N >1), THE OBJECT IS DETECTED
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING RADAR RETURN NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY IF RADAR RETURN IS NOT STRONGER THAN THE NATURAL OCCURRING BACKGROUND NOISE, (S/N <1), THE OBJECT CANNOT BE DETECTED
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY DIRECT NOISE ENERGY AT THE RADAR AT OPERATING FREQUENCY TO MASK RADAR RETURN 1 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING Successful Jamming Requires Three Conditions to be met: - Jammer energy that reaches target must be greater than energy received from radar return - Jammer must be on the exact frequency of the transmitting radar - Jammer must “get into” the radar receiver, either through alignment or through radar sidelobes
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING Successful Jamming Requires Three Conditions to be met: - Jammer energy that reaches target must be greater than energy received from radar return - Jammer must be on the exact frequency of the transmitting radar - Jammer must “get into” the radar receiver, either through alignment or through radar sidelobes
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY RADAR CAN INCREASE IT’S POWER TO OVERCOME THE JAMMING 1 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY BUT THE ENEMY MAY BE ABLE TO TURN UP THE JAMMER POWER HIGHER THAN YOU CAN TURN UP THE RADAR POWER 1 SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING Successful Jamming Requires Three Conditions to be met: - Jammer energy that reaches target must be greater than energy received from radar return - Jammer must be on the exact frequency of the transmitting radar - Jammer must “get into” the radar receiver, either through alignment or through radar sidelobes
OPERATING FREQUENCY CAN (WITHIN ANTENNA CONSTRAINTS) ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: RADAR THAT CAN CHANGE OPERATING FREQUENCY CAN MOVE AWAY FROM JAMMING (WITHIN ANTENNA CONSTRAINTS) SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE + JAMMING FREQUENCY WIDEBAND JAMMER MAY BE ABLE TO JAM ALL THE FREQUENCIES THE RADAR CAN OPERATE AT 1 NATURAL NOISE + JAMMING SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) FREQUENCY ***THIS WILL REQUIRE MASSIVE POWER FROM THE JAMMER TO EXCEED THE SIGNAL STRENGTH AT ALL POSSIBLE FREQ IN RANGE
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY EACH TIME THE RADAR SWITCHES FREQUENCIES THE JAMMER CAN CHASE IT SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY EACH TIME THE RADAR SWITCHES FREQUENCIES THE JAMMER CAN CHASE IT SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY EACH TIME THE RADAR SWITCHES FREQUENCIES THE JAMMER CAN CHASE IT SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY EACH TIME THE RADAR SWITCHES FREQUENCIES THE JAMMER CAN CHASE IT SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: NATURAL NOISE FREQUENCY EACH TIME THE RADAR SWITCHES FREQUENCIES THE JAMMER CAN CHASE IT SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
DIFFICULT FOR THE JAMMER CAUSES CONSTANT PROBLEMS ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: DIFFICULT FOR THE JAMMER TO KEEP UP WITH, BUT CAUSES CONSTANT PROBLEMS FOR THE RADAR OPERATOR SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
DIFFICULT FOR THE JAMMER CAUSES CONSTANT PROBLEMS ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: DIFFICULT FOR THE JAMMER TO KEEP UP WITH, BUT CAUSES CONSTANT PROBLEMS FOR THE RADAR OPERATOR SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
DIFFICULT FOR THE JAMMER CAUSES CONSTANT PROBLEMS ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING NOISE JAMMING: DIFFICULT FOR THE JAMMER TO KEEP UP WITH, BUT CAUSES CONSTANT PROBLEMS FOR THE RADAR OPERATOR SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) NATURAL NOISE 1 FREQUENCY
ACTIVE ECM - JAMMING Successful Jamming Requires Three Conditions to be met: - Jammer energy that reaches target must be greater than energy received from radar return - Jammer must be on the exact frequency of the transmitting radar - Jammer must “get into” the radar receiver, either through alignment or through radar sidelobes
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING ALIGNMENT: MAINLOBE SIDELOBES SCOPE DEPICTION
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING ALIGNMENT: MAINLOBE RADAR WITH SIDLOBE SUPRESSION SCOPE DEPICTION
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING ALIGNMENT: MAINLOBE JAMMER MUST BE ALIGNED WITH THE STRIKERS TO EFFECTIVELY JAM RADAR WITH SIDLOBE SUPRESSION SCOPE DEPICTION
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING ALIGNMENT: Antenna Nulling Jammer B A Target Aircraft Distance B is longer than distance A, so left side of the antenna receives the signal later than the right, this tells the computer that the signal is coming from the right of the antenna. B A Antenna Nulling
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING ALIGNMENT: Antenna Nulling Jammer Target Aircraft The computer can then ignore all signals coming from that direction. (Ignores the jamming) Antenna Nulling
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING ALIGNMENT: Antenna Nulling Jammer Target Aircraft Ignored With the jamming ignored from the right, the target aircraft is again visible. The jammer must be aligned with the target aircraft to avoid antenna nullling. Antenna Nulling
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING ALIGNMENT: Antenna Nulling Jammer Target Aircraft Ignored With proper alignment, the computer strips the jamming and the target aircraft returns, once again masking the target. Antenna Nulling
ACTIVE ECCM - JAMMING BURN THROUGH: NATURAL NOISE + JAMMING FREQUENCY AS OBJECT GETS CLOSER TO RADAR, THE RETURN GETS STRONGER UNTIL IT SHOWS THROUGH THE JAMMING NATURAL NOISE + JAMMING SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO (S/N) 1 FREQUENCY THE POINT AT WHICH THE SIGNAL EXCEEDS THE JAMMER’S POWER IS KNOWN AS THE “BURN THROUGH” RANGE
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
Bi-Static/Multi-Static Radar
Bi-Static/Multi-Static Radar
Bi-Static/Multi-Static Radar Stealth Implications: Against Stealth Aircraft, Radiating Antenna may not see the return. . .
Bi-Static/Multi-Static Radar Stealth Implications: Against Stealth Aircraft, Radiating Antenna may not see the return. . . But the energy radiated away from the emitting radar is seen by the passive receivers. Knowing the emitter location and the receiver locations allows triangulation
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) About 1500 high- power pulses per second are transmitted toward the target or imaging area Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) refers to a technique used to synthesize a very long antenna by combining signals (echoes) received by the radar as it moves along its flight track.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Each Radar return is “synthesized” into a High Resolution, 3D image Requires high speed computers and a lot of computer processing capability Can see at night and through cloud cover, dust, smoke, etc. with near picture quality imaging
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
Phased Array Radar Stationary Antenna that uses Electronic Switching to steer the Wavefront: Broadside Scanned Beam Direction Equiphase Front Radiators 0-360 Phase Shifters 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Power Distribution Network Antenna Input
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) Like Radar, but uses a Laser instead of RF Energy Laser Sensors (LIDAR) - Atmospheric Measurements -- Wind, Moisture Content, Temperature, and Pressure - Vibration Detection -- Tunnel/Underground Facility Detection -- Ground vibrations for Target ID of vehicles - Vortex Detection for tracking Aircraft and Cruise Missiles - LIDAR HSI and 3D Imaging - Chemical Warfare Agent Detection
OVERVIEW - Basics of Radar - Doppler Effect - Inverse Square Law - Power Requirements - Electronic Counter Measures (ECM/ECCM) - Bistatic or Multistatic Radar - Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - Phased Array Radar - LIDAR - Summary
SUMMARY ALL Radar and Jammers live by the Inverse Square Law - Most Power wins Passive and Active Techniques for Defeating Radar Jamming Requires: - Power - Frequency - Alignment