1. Advanced Radio and Radar
Part 6
Radar Display

2. Introduction We know a simple aerial
will radiate electromagnetic waves
equally in all directions;
it can also receive signals from all directions.
But this is of limited use when trying to determine
the direction of a particular reflection.

3. Introduction Instead of radiating,
the radio wave needs to be concentrated
into a single beam
so that the radar can be made to
"look" and "listen"
in one specific direction at a time.

4. Radar Aerials In order to produce a beam of radiation
we need to radiate from a shaped area,
not a single wire.
To overcome this problem
reflectors are used
to modify the aerial’s pattern
and reflect the waves in one
particular direction.

5. Radar Aerials In order to produce a beam of radiation
we need to radiate from a shaped area,
not a single wire.
But there are a number
of different shapes, types
and designs that we can
use to produce this single
beam of radiation.

6. Radar Aerials Whatever the different shape, type or design,
there is some form of ‘reflector’ at the centre.
This is similar to the reflector
in a torch or headlight
focusing the light
into a narrow beam.

7. Radar Aerials To detect bearings the aerial is rotated,
sweeping a narrow beam in a complete circle.
(called Scanning).
All reflections can be plotted around a circle –
with the aerial at the centre.

8. Radar Aerials To obtain vertical information
the aerial is moved up and down through 90°.
From the reflections received,
accurate range and bearing information
can be measured.

9. Radar Aerials Beam patterns for differing aerial types. Single Wire
Yagi Array
Aerial
Parabolic Dish
Aerial
RADIATION PATTERNS EMITTED

10. Radar Display Obtaining a target
is only part of the detecting process.
The operator needs to "see" the target
in a visual form.
For this we use a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
which works on a similar principle
to a television screen.
CRT

11. Radar Display As the time interval between the radio pulses is short
the actual CRT screen
can be calibrated in miles
to match the range of the pulse.
CRT

12. Radar Display “Base Velocity". The instant the pulse is transmitted
a spot travels across the CRT screen
moving at a constant speed.
This is known as
“Base Velocity".
CRT

13. Radar Display If a target is detected a "blip" appears.
Because the screen is calibrated in miles
we know the distance (range) to the target.
CRT

14. Radar Display This radar, known as ‘Type A’,
is good for determining the range of an object,
but it cannot determine the object’s bearing,
or its height.
CRT

15. Radar Display To get the bearing and height
we must make some alterations
to the CRT display screen,
Starting with the bearing –
CRT

16. Radar Display To find the bearing of a target
(direction)
of a target
we need to find its Azimuth
(bearing measured from North).
CRT

17. Radar Display By using a Plan Position Indicator (PPI)
that rotates a beam through 360°
the azimuth
(bearing)
of any target can be calculated. N W E S
CRT

18. to display range and bearing
Radar Display
It is also possible
to display range and bearing
by adding Range Rings
to aid in range finding. N W E S
CRT

19. Radar Display The display starts from the centre of the screen,
and produces a radial trace
moving in time with the rotation of the aerial,
and ‘blipping’ the target contact. N W E S
CRT

20. Other Ranges Having determined both range and bearing;
by using the Slant Range
(distance from the radar to the target).
it is possible to determine object height
Slant Range
DISTANCE
Height N Ө
Radar Angle W E
Height = Slant Range x sin Ө S
CRT

21. Other Ranges Having determined both range and bearing;
by using the Slant Range
(distance from the radar to the target).
the target’s ground range can also be calculated
Slant Range
DISTANCE
Height Ө
Radar Angle
Ground Range
DISTANCE
Ground Range = Slant Range x cos Ө

22. Other Ranges Using the Slant Range Height = Slant Range x sin Ө and
Ground Range = Slant Range x cos Ө
Slant Range
DISTANCE
Height
From what you have just read, to pinpoint a target by both height and
bearing requires more than one aerial. However, there is now a radar system
that combines both of these facilities into one aerial, known as the 3-D. It works
by electronically selecting the various aerial arrays and passing the information
to the PPI display. Ө
Radar Angle
Ground Range
DISTANCE

23. Other Ranges To pinpoint a target by both height and bearing
requires more than one aerial.
However, there is now a radar system
that combines both facilities into one aerial,
known as the 3-D.
It works by electronically selecting
the various aerial arrays
and passing the information
to the Plan Position Indicator (PPI) display.
From what you have just read, to pinpoint a target by both height and
bearing requires more than one aerial. However, there is now a radar system
that combines both of these facilities into one aerial, known as the 3-D. It works
by electronically selecting the various aerial arrays and passing the information
to the PPI display.

24. Check of Understanding
What do the initials CRT stand for?
Cathode Ray Tube
Cathode Radiation Tube
Capacitor Resistance Translator
Cathode Radio Tube

25. Check of Understanding
What is the purpose of the reflector
and directors of an aerial?
To match the aerial
to the transmission line
To modify the aerial’s
radiation pattern
To alter the aerial’s
electrical length
To allow the aerial
to work at many frequencies

26. Check of Understanding
What does PPI stand for?
Plan Potential Indicator
Partial Plan Indicator
Plan Position Indicator
Partial Position Indicator

27. Check of Understanding
Which of these statements
applies to a PPI radar display?
It uses a height finding radar
It has a circular trace
using radial deflection
It can only display ranges
It has a radial trace
rotating in time with the radar

28. Check of Understanding
What can be added to a PPI
to aid in its operation?
Height Indicators
Sector Ranges
Range Rings
Bearing Rings

29. Check of Understanding
To change the range display
on a radar screen . . .
A new set of markers is required
The transmitter power is changed
The timebase sweep velocity is changed
The display intensity is changed

30. Check of Understanding
What is a slant triangle composed of?
Slant range, target
and ground range
Angle of elevation, height
and target velocity
Slant range, height
and ground range
Angle of elevation, height
and ground range

31. Check of Understanding
The ground range of a target
can be calculated by using . . .
Slant range x sin Ө
Slant range x tan Ө
Slant range x cos Ө
Slant range x height

32. Check of Understanding
A few more questions.
What is meant by the term ‘scanning’?
What is meant by the term ‘base velocity’?
3. What is meant by the term ‘azimuth’?
True or False ? ‘Type A’, radar cannot determine
the object’s bearing, only its height.
5. What do the initials PPI stand for?
6. In the slant range calculations,
what does the symbol ‘Ө’ signify?
ANSWERS
Aerial rotates sweeping a narrow beam in a complete circle.
The spot travelling across a CRT at a constant speed
A bearing measured from North
False
Plan Position Indicator
The radar Angle

33. Advanced Radio and Radar
End of Presentation