CHAPTER 2 GLOBAL HEALTH IN DEVELOPED SOCIETIES: Examples in the United States, Sweden, Japan, and the United Kingdom

Many of the developed countries are currently working on issues related to health care addressing the following topics: Access to health care for all residents Issues of funding for nonlegal residents (illegal aliens) and healthcare services provided by government and nongovernment organizations Options for termination of an unwanted pregnancy A woman’s right to determine what happens to her body (birth control, abortion, contraception, genital mutilation, sexual assault and/or abuse, sterilization, child molestation, prostitution) Sex education in schools, clinics, and public health facilities

UNITED STATES ECONOMY Market-oriented economy HEALTH TRENDS AND ISSUES Improving because of funding devoted to: Health education Public health programs Health research Health care

leading U.S. health indicators as indicated by the CDC in its Healthy People 2010 goals (CDC, 2010b).

leading causes of death in the United States in 2009 (CDC, 2010c).

Utilization of Health Care Factors that decrease the utilization of health care Factors that increase the utilization of health care Access to Health Care and Disparities in Access

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH with most repetitive motion injuries Truck driver Nursing aids, orderlies, attendants Laborers, non-construction Assemblers Janitors Registered nurses Stock handlers and baggers Construction workers

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH with most repetitive motion injuries continued Supervisors, sales jobs Carpenters Cashiers Maids and housemen Sales workers Clerks Welders Cooks

HEALTHCARE CONCERNS OF SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Minority populations Childbearing women Child health Health of older persons

MINORITY POPULATIONS African Americans Native Americans Hispanics

CHILDBEARING WOMEN Prenatal care Insurance Premature births Infant mortality

CHILD HEALTH Almost 60% of all deaths in childhood occur during the first year of live 40% of all deaths in childhood occur during the first month of life Newborn death is usually from: Prematurity Low birth weight Congenital anomalies Other genetic disorders

HEALTH CARE FOR THE OLDER ADULT Immunizations for older adults include: Tetanus-diphtheria vaccine – all adults, every 10 years Influenza vaccine – adults 50 and older annually Hepatitis A vaccine –Adults at risk Hepatitis B vaccine – Adults at risk Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine – Susceptible adults Varicella (chicken pox) vaccine – Susceptible adults Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine – Susceptible adults

COMPLEMENTARY & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE The National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health recommends reviewing key points: Be an informed consumer Consult a conventional healthcare provider Learn more about the background and competency of a CAM provider Evaluate components or ingredients Evaluate safety of the manufacturing process

INFECTIOUS DISEASES H1N1 SARS H5N1, avian influenza, and some drug-resistant bacteria strains, such as methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Influenza and pneumonia remain major causes of death HIV/AIDS continues to spread (CDC, 2010a)

MEDICATION USAGE Takes at least one prescription Takes three or more medications People 65 years of age and older FERTILITY Teenage birth rates Hispanic women Non-Hispanic white women HEALTH BEHAVIORS Cigarette smoking Overweight and obesity

HEALTH BEHAVIORS Cigarette smoking Overweight and obesity Alcohol use

FOUR MAJOR FACTORS THAT MAKE UP THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM 1.Healthcare purchasers 2.Medical insurance groups 3.Governments who are insurers and purchasers 4.Payers who are both purchasers and insurers

MEDICARE MEDICAID HMO PPO POS

SWEDEN Sweden has one of the highest levels of healthcare in the world A very low infant mortality rate A high average live expectancy

HEALTHCARE SYSTEM Outpatient health charges Pharmaceutical charges Costs for inpatient care Statistics Patient’s Rights Dental Care Mental Health Sex Education

JAPAN Highest life expectancy Low infant mortality Mandatory universal healthcare coverage Regional/national public hospitals or private hospitals/clinics Radiation-related health consequences of 2011 Tsunami

UNITED KINGDOM National Healthcare System Health Issues Infant and Child Health Herbal Supplements by Adults

MAJOR HEALTH ISSUES Cancer Coronary heart disease Stroke Accidents Mental illness Newer health problems include HIV/AIDs and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease