Smart Antennas Presented by :- Rajib Kumar Das.

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Presentation transcript:

Smart Antennas Presented by :- Rajib Kumar Das

Overview Part I Part II Introduction Types of Smart antennas Smart antenna for vehicles Part II Beamforming algorithms DoA algorithms MSA implementation

Smart Antenna Smart antenna refers to a system of antenna array with smart signal processing algorithms that are used to identify spatial signal signature such as the DOA of the signal, and use it to calculate beam forming vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target.

SA Application Radar Radio Astronomy Radio Telescopy Cellular System

Non Smart antenna system Limited BW available hence interference in system Omni directional antennas used at the BS This is an interference limited system Solution : Sectorized antenna Source http://www.altera.com/endmarket/wirelessantenna

Smart antenna Technology BS Concept of beam forming Reduces interferences in the system & increases capacity Each user signal is multiplied by complex weight thereby adjusting mag & phase of signal & beam is formed Beam forming is of two types Source http://www.altera.com/endmarket/wirelessantenna

Switched beam Beams are formed in pre determined direction BS switches between different beams based on Rx signal measurement. Source http://www.smartanteenas.googlepages.com

Adaptive beam forming Real time processing Beams are not formed in pre determined direction Real time processing BS forms narrow beam towards desired user Improves S/N ratio Source http://www.altera.com/endmarket/wirelessantenna

Types of SA Adaptive array MIMO

MIMO Higher spectral efficiency No additional BW requirement Advantages Increased data handling capability Higher spectral efficiency No additional BW requirement Source www.webopedia.com

Adaptive arrays antennas Switched beam Parasitic array Digital beam forming array Diversity array Phased array

Switched beam forming implementation Implementation using power splitters & phase shifters Application: Radar, EW & satellite system Source http://www.smartanteenas.googlepages.com

Functional block diagram of phased array Phased array antenna Functional block diagram of phased array mounted on car Source http://www.smartanteenas.googlepages.com

Phased array antenna Functional diagram of phased array antenna

Digital beam forming array antenna ]. Source http://www.smartanteenas.googlepages.com

Parasitic array antenna Active element is surrounded by number of parasitic elements Switching of parasitic elements done by PIN diode 3 direction beam steering achieved

SA application on vehicles with array antenna Cellular car radio antenna [1] Antennas are usually vertically mounted Requirement Omni directional pattern in azimuth plane

Radiation properties as function of antenna location Radiation properties as a function of antenna loc on car[2] Roof rim has rotational non symmetric environment Deviation of desired omni directional pattern Omni directional pattern could be achieved only at the center of roof

Array antenna on vehicles[1] Multi element phased array technique Vertical dimension less than quarter wavelength is possible At BS individual BF for individual tracking & signal optimzation Conventional methods used at Mobile station Thus only one RX/TX front end is required

3 element antenna with adjustable main beam direction[1] Achievement: Adjustable directive main beam covering complete azimuth plane Reduction in side lobes Gain is 5 dB more than conventional antenna Further optimization possible by 4 elements

Two element optimized antenna 2 element pattern optimized antenna [2]

Diversity car antenna for cellular radio Signal quality with different antenna combination[1] Problem of multiple path propagation in channel Signal quality improves with number of elements

Part II

Why Smart Antennas ? Enhance System performance Reduce Interference Increases channel capacity Enhances Spectrum efficiency Range coverage Track multiple users Reduce Interference Delay spread Multipath fading

Why Smart Antennas ? (contd..) Reduce system complexity Reduce co channel interference Tx mode Rx mode

Terminologies Fading Channel spread Mean path loss Slow fading Difficult to predict Fast fading Multipath propagation Phase variations Rayleigh distribution Channel spread Doppler spread Angle spread Delay spread

Switched Beam Vs Adaptive Array

Block diagram of Smart Antenna Unwanted users Source : [8]

Beamforming

Beamforming Schemes Delay & sum Null steering Digital Beamforming Unity response Disadvantage : Interference Null steering Cancels plane wave from known direction Handles strong interference Disadvantage : Multiple interference Digital Beamforming Higher sampling rates Capacity enhancement upto 200 % Source : [4]

Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) Replaces covariance matrix of spatially sampled signals by estimated value iteratively Least Mean Square (LMS) Weights are subjected to constraints Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) Assumes that interference causes amplitude fluctuation in o/p Neural Network approach Applicable when ref sig is available Iteratively minimizes the MSE between ref sig and modified array o/p Source : [5]

DoA Algorithms DFT and Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) Uses signal subspace MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) Estimates DoA in noise subspace More accurate Source : [8]

Smart Antenna Design Implementation A planar array configuration: Dx = 54.562 mm, Dy = 54.747 mm, dx = 7.500 mm, dy = 7.500 mm, xo = 0.794 mm, yo = 1.164 mm, W = 2.247 mm, L = 2.062 mm, t = 0.300mm, r = 11.7,  = 0.04, f = 20GHz. Source : [6]

Radiation Pattern E-plane H-plane Source : [6]

Conclusion Advantages accrued Applications Applicable scheme for PL Adhoc networks High data rate : 3G Applicable scheme for TDMA CDMA

References [1] R Kronberger,H Lindermerier,J Hopf “Smart antenna applications on vehicles with low profile array antenna” Proc IEEE Vol 53 pp1-3 September 2003. [2] R Kronberger,H Lindermerier,J Hopf “Design method for antenna array on cars” Proc IEEE Vol 101 pp11-15 September 2003. [3] http://www.smartanteenas.googlepages.com [4] http://www.iec.org [5]Michael Chryssomallis “Smart antennas” IEEE antenna and propagation magazine” Vol 42 No 3 pp 129-138, June 2000. [6]Salvatore Bellofiore, Constantine,Jeffry and Andreas “ Smart antenna systems for mobile communication networks “IEEE Antenna’s and propagation magazine” Vol 44 No 3 pp 145-154, June 2002. [7] AJ Paulraj,D Gesbert “Smart antennas for mobile communication” IEEE Antenna’s and propagation magazine Vol 57 No 5 pp 1-14, June 2000. [8]JM Samhan,RM Shubair and MA Alquadi “Design and implementation of an adaptive smart antenna” Proc IEEE Vol 57 pp6-7 September 2006.

Questions ??