FSA Writing Workshop Argumentative/Explanatory Writing

Overview 1. FSA rubric 2. Score Sample Papers 3. Unpacking the Prompt 4. Sesame Street Article-Explanatory Essay Planning/Evidence 5. Pro/Con Animal Testing – Argumentative Essay Together 6. FSA Practice Essay (on your own)

What is inflation? ~High rates of inflation makes it harder on families to pay bills and business activities decrease. ~Interest rates on loans can increase, which discourages borrowing and spending by business. ~Goods and services prices increase. ~Inflation is a negative for the economy and can cause panic.

BELLWORK As a table, please discuss the articles and 3 reasons you came up with for supporting/not supporting animal testing…

To Do: 1. Take pro/con “ Animal Testing ” Article 2. Grab a highlighter

Animal Testing Should animals be used for scientific or commercial testing?

Did You Know? 95% of animals used in experiments are not protected by the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA), which excludes birds, rats and mice bred for research, and cold-blooded animals such as reptiles and most fish. Chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. The United States and Gabon are the only two countries that allow experimentation on chimpanzees. In 2010, Minnesota used more cats for testing than any other state (2,703), New Jersey used the most dogs (6,077), and Massachusetts used the most primates (7,458). In 1997, researchers Joseph and Charles Vacanti grew a human "ear" seeded from implanted cow cartilage cells on the back of a living mouse to explore the possibility of fabricating body parts for plastic and reconstructive surgery.

Video Clips _ g _ tuOudeI _ VE

An estimated 26 million animals are used every year in the United States for scientific and commercial testing. Animals are used to develop medical treatments, determine the toxicity of medications, check the safety of products destined for human use, and other biomedical, commercial, and health care uses. Research on living animals has been practiced since at least 500 BC. Proponents of animal testing say that it has enabled the development of many life-saving treatments for both humans and animals, that there is no alternative method for researching a complete living organism, and that strict regulations prevent the mistreatment of animals in laboratories. Opponents of animal testing say that it is cruel and inhumane to experiment on animals, that alternative methods available to researchers can replace animal testing, and that animals are so different from human beings that research on animals often yields irrelevant results.

Writing Process Step #1 – Read Source 1 & 2 (highlight evidence) Step#2 – Brainstorm both sides of the argument Step #3 – Determine which side of the argument is stronger Step #4 – Create a thesis statement Step #5 – Outline of Argument and Reasons (support) Step #6 – Write Introductory Paragraph Step #7-Write ACES Paragraph Step #8 – Address Counterclaim Step #9 Conclusion

Introduction Paragraph The introduction paragraph has two main purposes: It introduces your topic to the reader to what you will be writing about It hooks the reader so that they will be interested! You don’t want to give away to much information in the introduction! It simply gives the audience a concise idea of your essay’s outline.

THE INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS: The Hook: something that gets the reader interested in your essay. (makes them want to read it!!) Supporting detail sentences: connects hook to thesis; presents background information The Thesis Statement: the thesis statement; should answer the assignment questions and outline the points of the paper to be discussed.

WHAT TO AVOID WHEN WRITING AN INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH……

Do Not Use in Essay!!!! Personal Pronouns (I, you, we, us) “In this paper, I will show you…” “I think that…” “I hope you will see why I believe…” Questions of any kind!! “Have you ever wondered what would happen if…?”

Thesis Statement THESIS STATEMENT= topic + argument + reasons Ex: Animal testing is a waste of time because it unreliable, cruel, inhumane, and there are alternative testing methods.

Thesis Statement-Example Animal experimentation is wrong, inhumane, unreliable, and there are alternative methods available.

Thesis Statement Animal testing is a waste of time because it unreliable, cruel, inhumane, and there are alternative testing methods.

Imagine an animal alone and lonely, always in fear of what is to come because their life is in the hands of somebody who could care less about them. Animals go from one treatment to the next and that is not the least of their worries; they receive physical as well as emotional abuse. Such abuse involves being kicked, thrown, and flung into cages. Many animals are tortured, abused and have no escape route because everywhere they go, the scalpel follows them. Scientists should be banned from experimenting on animals because animals live in fear, suffer severe trauma prior to being abused and more often then not, end up dead. Hook Supporting Detail Sentences Thesis

Body Paragraph A ssert (answer the question) C ite evidence from the text E xplain (why is your quote important? How does it relate to your point)

Evidence Reason – Cruel and inhumane Quote #1 – According to Humane Society International, animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force feeding, forced inhalation, food and water deprivation, prolonged periods of physical restraint… Quote #2 - In 2010 that 97,123 animals suffered pain during experiments while being given no anesthesia for relief, including 1,395 primates, 5,996 rabbits, 33,652 guinea pigs, and 48,015 hamsters.

How to cite textual evidence According to the Humane Society, “animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force feeding, forced inhalation, food and water deprivation, prolonged periods of physical restraint, the infliction of burns and other wounds to study the healing process…” (Source 2 p.1). Studies have concluded, “ in 2010 that 97,123 animals suffered pain during experiments while being given no anesthesia for relief, including 1,395 primates, 5,996 rabbits, 33,652 guinea pigs, and 48,015 hamsters” (Source 2, p.1).

Testing on animals is cruel and inhumane. According to the Humane Society, “animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force feeding, forced inhalation, food and water deprivation, prolonged periods of physical restraint…” (Source 2). No one, including animals should be deprived of food and water, or restrained. These animals are being physically abused.

Animal testing is cruel and inhumane. According to the Humane Society, “animals used in experiments are commonly subjected to force feeding, forced inhalation, food and water deprivation, prolonged periods of physical restraint…” (Source 2 p.1). No one, including animals should be deprived of food and water, or restrained. These animals are being physically abused. There is an extremely large amount of animals experimented on yearly. Studies have concluded, “in 2010 that 97,123 animals suffered pain during experiments while being given no anesthesia for relief,” (Source 2, p.1). Animals suffer just like humans do, and they are being operated on while they are awake with nothing to numb the pain. No animal should be abused mentally or physically during experiments when there are alternative methods available.

Counterclaims & Rebuttals Remember, your paper is arguing to get the reader to accept your point of view. An effective paper addresses what the other side might say and explains why that point of view is wrong. AND You must address counterclaims in your argumentative essay if you want have a high score on your essay. But … How do you write an effective counterclaim paragraph? What does an effective rebuttal look like?

I’m right; you’re wrong, and here’s why. Claim  What is your argument to the reader? What do you believe? Counterclaim  What would someone who disagrees with you say? Refutation / Rebuttal  Prove them wrong using your ideas or evidence from the passage(s).

Counterclaim When you are in an argument, it makes sense to address the opposite side of what you are arguing and point out why that view is wrong. This is called a counterclaim. Example: Claim: Although they are traditionally seen as a distraction, students should be able to bring cell phones to school because digital literacy can be used for educational purposes. Counterclaim: Students should not be able to being cell phones to school because they could use them to communicate during a test.

Our claim Animal experimentation is wrong because it is cruel, expensive, and there are alternative methods for testing. What would the counterclaim be?

ADDRESSING THE COUNTERCLAIM  Some may say __________.  X argues __________.  X observes that __________.  According to X, “__________.”  According to some people __________. However, __________.

DISAGREE – AND EXPLAIN WHY  X is mistaken because she overlooks __________.  However, it is simply not true that __________.  X’s assertion that __________ does not fit the facts because __________.  X’s claim that __________ rests upon the questionable assumption that __________.  X contradicts herself. On the one hand, she argues __________. On the other hand, she also says __________.  By focusing on __________, X overlooks the deeper problem of __________.

Counterclaim/Rebuttal Outline 1.Topic sentence (introduce counterclaim) 2.Give Rebuttal 3.Give the Evidence 4.Explain how the evidence weakens the opponent’s claim

Student Sample Some may say that animal testing is ok, but they are overlooking that it is cruel and inhumane. There are alternative ways to do testing. “ Computer models, such as virtual reconstructions of human molecular structures, can predict the toxicity of substances without invasive experiments on animals ” (Source 2, p.2). Animal testing sometimes doesn ’ t benefit us. So, this is why they are wrong.

OUTLINE 1.Topic sentence (introduce counterclaim) 2.Give Rebuttal 3.Give the Evidence 4.Explain how the evidence weakens the opponent’s claim Try using these transitions to start:  Many people [believe/ argue/ feel/ think/ suppose] that… [state counterclaim here]  It is often [thought/believed/imagined/etc.] that…  It would be easy to [think/ believe/ imagine/ suppose] that…  It might [seem/appear/look/etc] as if  [However/On the other hand/etc.], many people [believe/think/etc.] that…  Ask a Question: [Couldn’t/Doesn’t/Wouldn’t/Isn’t] … Try using these transitions to start:  Many people [believe/ argue/ feel/ think/ suppose] that… [state counterclaim here]  It is often [thought/believed/imagined/etc.] that…  It would be easy to [think/ believe/ imagine/ suppose] that…  It might [seem/appear/look/etc] as if  [However/On the other hand/etc.], many people [believe/think/etc.] that…  Ask a Question: [Couldn’t/Doesn’t/Wouldn’t/Isn’t] …