Chapter 24 The New Deal Chapter 24 The New Deal OUT OF MANY A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Global Crisis and the Election of 1932 In 1932, protests erupted throughout the country the Bonus Army of veterans in Washington. FDR Quote when he learned of this? The Democrats, led by Franklin D. Roosevelt, won a massive electoral victory. 2© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

1932 Americans were ready for change… Presidents Hoover Smaller government, relative to economy Less regulation & intervention early in their terms Americans (in general) were frustrated Presidents Roosevelt More regulation & intervention Response to people’s vote for change DEMOCRACY in Action

MAP 24.1 The Election of 1932 Democrats owed their overwhelming victory in 1932 to the popular identification of the depression with the Hoover administration. Roosevelt’s popular vote was about the same as Hoover’s in 1928, and FDR’s Electoral College margin was even greater. 4© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Part Four: FDR and the First New Deal 5 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

FDR the Man FDR Presidentsbio FDR came from a privileged New York background. His rapid rise in politics came to a halt when he was stricken with polio. The experience changed him allowing him personally to understand struggle and hardship. He served two terms as governor of New York where he established a reputation as a reformer. 6© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

This New Yorker magazine cover depicted an ebullient Franklin D. Roosevelt riding to his 1933 inauguration in the company of a glum Herbert Hoover. This drawing typified many mass-media images of the day, contrasting the different moods and temperaments of the new President and the defeated incumbent. 7© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

“The Only Thing We Have to Fear”: Restoring Confidence On his first full day as president, FDR called for a four-day “bank holiday.” First fireside chat a week later, he told Americans of the steps he had taken, strengthening public faith in his ability to help. Congress passed legislation that strengthened the banking system, helping to avert the immediate banking crisis. 8© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Hundred Days The first “Hundred Days” session of Congress to enact his program to revive industry and agriculture while providing emergency relief. 9© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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A recruitment poster represents the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) as much more than simply an emergency relief measure, stressing character building and the opportunity for self- improvement. By the time the CCC expired in 1942, it had become one of the most popular of all the New Deal programs. 12© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Roosevelt’s Critics, Right and Left Critics from the right lambasted the New Deal as being socialistic. More troublesome for FDR were critics who claimed the New Deal had been too timid including: Francis Townsend The “Townsend Pland”  Old age pension plan = SS Huey LongHuey Long, who served as governor and then as senator for Louisiana, called for a “Share Our Wealth” Long’s assassination in 1936 ended his probable third- party candidacy. Father Charles Coughlin Strikes and street demonstrations added to the pressure. 13© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Second Hundred Days FDR responded by shifting leftward. 14© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Labor’s Upsurge: Rise of the CIO A militant group within the AFL formed the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO), later the Congress of Industrial Organizations, to organize mass-production workers. Led by John Lewis of the United Mine Workers, the CIO drew upon communists and other radicals to engage in the dangerous task of building industrial unions. The success at the Flint GM plant led to victories in other industries. The reinvigorated labor movement took a place as a key power broker in FDR’s New Deal coalition. 16© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

17 Photographer Milton Brooks won the first Pulitzer Prize for photography with this 1941 image for the Detroit News. He captured a violent labor confrontation in front of the Ford Motor Company’s River Rouge plant, as private armed guards, employed by Ford, assault and beat organizers for the United Automobile Workers.

The New Deal Coalition at High Tide FDR easily won re-election in New Deal Coalition: traditional white southern Democrats big-city political machines trade unionists depression-hit farmers ethnic voters 18© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Part Six: The New Deal in the South and West 19 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Southern Farming and Landholding The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) boost prices by paying farmers to “plow under—take their land out of production. Most subsidies went to large landowner used the money to buy labor-saving machinery which put many out of work. Those who were put out of work were forced to migrate to industrial centers such as Memphis, Chicago, Birmingham, and Detroit. 20© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Rural Electrification and Public Works The Tennessee Valley Authority and the Rural Electrification Administration gave millions of southern households electricity for the first time. Jobs Flood control Toursim 21© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

A New Deal for Indians John Collier, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, reformed many harmful practices. The Indian Reorganization Act restored tribal ownership of land. more sensitive to Indian cultural freedom supported efforts to restore tribal rights. 22© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Part Seven: The Limits of Reform 23 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Court Packing Scheme SCOTUS overturned several key New Deal programs. Introduced a bill to allow him to appoint a number of new judges. New Deal sympathizers feared this would disrupt the constitutional balance and blocked the effort. The battle cost him political clout. 24© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Women’s Network Significant changes for women. Women who had been engaged in reform work increased their influence. Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt promoted a number of reforms, particularly around issues pertinent to women. First female Cabinet member Secretary of Labor Frances PerkinsFrances Perkins New Deal agencies opened up spaces for many women, particularly in social welfare programs. 25© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt rides with miners in a flag-decorated car during a visit to the mining town of Bellaire, Ohio, in Mrs. Roosevelt was more outspoken than the President in championing the rights of labor and African Americans, and she actively used her prestige as First Lady in support of social justice causes. 26© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

A New Deal for Minorities? The New Deal did not directly combat racism. NRA codes allowed for lower wages for black workers. Blacks were among the people left unprotected by the gaps in New Deal reforms, such as Social Security. FDR banned discrimination in WPA projects A “Black Cabinet” led by Mary McLeod Bethune advised FDR on black issuesMary McLeod Bethune A number of second-level positions opened up. By 1936, a majority of black voters supported the Democrats. The New Deal did little to help Mexicans and Mexican Americans. Backlash – calls to arrest and deport 27© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Roosevelt Recession and the Ebbing of the New Deal By 1937, FDR had become convinced that the federal deficit had grown too large. He cut spending, creating a severe recession that increased unemployment weakened popular support for the New Deal. The 1938 Congressional elections increased Republican strength and made further reforms nearly impossible. 28© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

A New Deal for the Arts American culture was influenced by the depression. The New Deal’s Federal Project No. 1 provided assistance to artists and intellectuals. The Federal Writers Project enabled many of the country’s writers to survive and go on to prominence. Also funded theatrical performances sent orchestras out on tour financed new compositions supported new works of art. 29© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fletcher Martin painted Mine Rescue (1939) in the Kellogg, Idaho, post office. The work was part of a Treasury Department program that employed unemployed artists to beautify government buildings. The mural was eventually removed under pressure from local citizens who worried that it might upset those who had lost loved ones in mine accidents. SOURCE: Fletcher Martin (1904 –79),”Mine Rescue,” 1939, mural study for Kellogg, Idaho Post Office; tempera on panel, 15 ¾ x 36 ½ in. (40.0 x 92.7 cm). Copyright Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY. 30© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

W.P.A. : Federal Art Project Depression era art in the Lansing area Depression Era Art

“Aquarius” Board of Water & Light

B.W.L.

MSU Auditorium: Paid for with WPA Dollars

MSU Aud. Foyer

Entrance to Jenison Field house

MSU Union Building

MSU Entrance: Abbot Rd.

MSU Library

Outside MSU Music Building

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