1 THE FIVE KINGDOMS

2 BACTERIA Bacteria - small one celled monerans  Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environment They are found almost everywhere: -water-air -soil-food -skin-inside the body -on most objects

3 Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:

4 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus) Neisseria meningitidis (coccus) Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla)

5 7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule Cell wall Ribosomes Nucleoid Flagella Pilli Cytoplasm

6 Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms Fission is a type of asexual reproduction Reproduction of Bacteria How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent

7 BINARY FISSION Bacteria dividing Completed Reproduction of Bacteria

8 The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours) Reproduction of Bacteria

9 Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA Ring DNA replication Cell wall synthesis Cell separation

10 Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cell they are the major cause of food poisoning they can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions it encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm allows the bacteria to survive for many years

11 Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Diseases – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria

Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) Harmful Bacteria

13 Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are used to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals

E.coli on small intestines Helpful Bacteria

15 Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess. foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk Helpful Bacteria

16 Controlling Bacteria 5 ways to control bacteria: 1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria endospores are killed during this process 2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria 3) Dehydration- removing water from food Bacteria can’t grow when H 2 O is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal

17 Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things means – “against infection” Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

18 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA Autotrophs – make their own food through photosynthesis  commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams  larger than most bacterial cells  Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs  food source for animals that live in the water

19 Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases Animals can pass diseases to humans Communicable Disease – Disease passed from one organism to another This can happen in several ways: Air Touch - clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush Drinking water that contains bacteria

Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas) Harmful Bacteria

21 Helpful Bacteria Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay Most are sued to make antibiotics Some bacteria help make insulin Used to make industrial chemicals

E.coli on small intestines Helpful Bacteria

23 Controlling Bacteria

24 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA  Make their own food through photosynthesis  Bigger than most bacterial cells  Commonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams

25 BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA  It can be toxic to humans and animals  Blooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water

26 Lake Champlain

Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 21185A

Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium) Image Number: 97214E

Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete)

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Bacteria are of immense importance because of their rapid growth, reproduction, and mutation rates, as well as, their ability to exist under adverse conditions. The oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms.

Bacteria can be autotrophs or hetertrophs. Those that are classified as autotrophs are either photosynthetic, obtaining energy from sunlight or chemosynthetic, breaking down inorganic substances for energy.

Bacteria classified as heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds in the environment. This includes saprobes = bacteria that feed on decaying material and organic wastes, as well as those that live as parasites, absorbing nutrients from living organisms.

Depending on the species, bacteria can be aerobic which means they require oxygen to live or anaerobic which means oxygen is deadly to them. Green patches are green sulfur bacteria. The rust patches are colonies of purple non sulfur bacteria. The red patches are purple sulfur bacteria.

Archaebacteria

Methanogens These Archebacteria are anaerobes. They make methane (natural gas) as a waste product. They are found in swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills. In the future, they could be used to produce methane as a byproduct of sewage treatment or landfill operation.

Halophiles These are salt-loving Archaebacteria that grow in places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah or salt ponds on the edge of San Francisco Bay. Large numbers of certain halophiles can turn these waters a dark pink. Pink halophiles contain a pigment very similar to the rhodopsin in the human retina. They use this visual pigment for a type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen. Halophiles are aerobes, however, and perform aerobic respiration.

Extreme halophiles can live in extremely salty environments. Most are photosynthetic autotrophs. The photosynthesizers in this category are purple because instead of using chlorophyll to photosynthesize, they use a similar pigment called bacteriorhodopsin that uses all light except for purple light, making the cells appear purple.

Thermophiles These are Archaebacteria from hot springs and other high temperature environments. Some can grow above the boiling temperature of water. They are anaerobes, performing anaerobic respiration. Thermophiles are interesting because they contain genes for heat-stable enzymes that may be of great value in industry and medicine. An example is taq polymerase, the gene for which was isolated from a collection of Thermus aquaticus in a Yellowstone Park hot spring. Taq polymerase is used to make large numbers of copies of DNA sequences in a DNA sample. It is invaluable to medicine, biotechnology, and biological research. Annual sales of taq polymerase are roughly half a billion dollars.

Eubacteria

Cyanobacteria This is a group of bacteria that includes some that are single cells and some that are chains of cells. You may have seen them as "green slime" in your aquarium or in a pond. Cyanobacteria can do "modern photosynthesis", which is the kind that makes oxygen from water. All plants do this kind of photosynthesis and inherited the ability from the cyanobacteria.

Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to do modern photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease. However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin.

Other Bacteria live symbiotically in the guts of animals or elsewhere in their bodies. For example, bacteria in your gut produce vitamin K which is essential to blood clot formation.

Still other Bacteria live on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form.

Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread. Saprobes help to break down dead organic matter. Bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments. Streptococcus thermophilus in yogurt

Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular. Bacteria have cell walls. Bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes. Bacteria are heterotrophs or autotrophs. Bacteria are awesome!

Bacteria can reproduce sexually by conjugation or asexually by binary fission.

Endospore Bacteria can survive unfavorable conditions by producing an endospore.

Shapes of Bacteria

Penicillin, an antibiotic, comes from molds of the genus Penicillium Notice the area of inhibition around the Penicillium.

Penicillin kills bacteria by making holes in their cell walls. Unfortunately, many bacteria have developed resistance to this antibiotic. walls

The Nitrogen Cycle By: Rachel Brewer Kaci Kelley-Brown Jennifer Moats Dolleen Wiltgen

What is nitrogen?

Periodic Table Nitrogen is in the Nonmetals/BCNO Group

Where is nitrogen found in the environment?

The largest single source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere. Nitrogen makes up 78% of our air!

What happens to atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) in the nitrogen cycle? N N N N N N

Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to ammonia or nitrates. Ammonia (NH 3 ) Nitrogen combines with Hydrogen to make Ammonia Nitrates (NO 3 ) Nitrogen combines with Oxygen to make Nitrates Atmospheric Nitrogen (N 2 ) N N N N

Why does atmospheric nitrogen need to be converted? N N N N N N

It is one of nature’s great ironies… Nitrogen is an essential component of DNA, RNA, and proteins—the building blocks of life. Although the majority of the air we breathe is nitrogen, most living organisms are unable to use nitrogen as it exists in the atmosphere!

How does atmospheric nitrogen get changed into a form that can be used by most living organisms? N N

By traveling through one of the four processes in the Nitrogen Cycle! (1) Nitrogen Fixation (3) Nitrification (2) Ammonification (4) Denitrification Nitroge n Cycle

The first process in the nitrogen cycle is… Nitrogen Fixation! (1) Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen Cycle

What is “nitrogen fixation” and what does it mean to say nitrogen gets “fixed”? N N

“Nitrogen Fixation” is the process that causes the strong two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmosphere to break apart so they can combine with other atoms. Nitrogen gets “fixed” when it is combined with oxygen or hydrogen. N N N N N Oxygen Hydrogen Oxygen Hydrogen N

There are three ways that nitrogen gets “fixed”! (a) Atmospheric Fixation (b) Industrial Fixation (c) Biological Fixation Bacte ria

Atmospheric Fixation (Only 5 to 8% of the Fixation Process) The enormous energy of lightning breaks nitrogen molecules apart and enables the nitrogen atoms to combine with oxygen forming nitrogen oxides (N 2 O). Nitrogen oxides dissolve in rain, forming nitrates. Nitrates (NO 3 ) are carried to the ground with the rain. Lightning “fixes” Nitrogen! Nitrogen combines with Oxygen Nitrogen oxides forms Nitrogen oxides dissolve in rain and change to nitrates Plants use nitrates to grow! (NO 3 ) N NO (N 2 O)

Industrial Fixation Under great pressure, at a temperature of 600 degrees Celcius, and with the use of a catalyst, atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) and hydrogen are combined to form ammonia (NH 3 ). Ammonia can be used as a fertilizer. Industrial Plant combines nitrogen and hydrogen Ammonia is formed Ammonia is used a fertilizer in soil (NH 3 ) N N H N H3H3

Biological Fixation (where MOST nitrogen fixing is completed) There are two types of “Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria” Free Living Bacteria (“fixes” 30% of N 2 ) Symbiotic Relationship Bacteria (“fixes” 70% of N 2 )

Free Living Bacteria Highly specialized bacteria live in the soil and have the ability to combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen to make ammonia (NH 3 ). Free-living bacteria live in soil and combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen Nitrogen changes into ammonia N N H NH3H3 (NH 3 ) Bacte ria

Symbiotic Relationship Bacteria Bacteria live in the roots of legume family plants and provide the plants with ammonia (NH 3 ) in exchange for the plant’s carbon and a protected home. Legume plants Roots with nodules where bacteria live Nitrogen changes into ammonia. NH 3 N N