1 Introduction to INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health Hazards for General Industry

2 Industrial Hygiene “that science or art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace, that may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers”

3 History Circa 400 BC –lead toxicity in mining (Hippocrates) 500 years later –Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar –zinc and sulfur hazards –protective mask

4 History 2nd Century AD –Galen copper miners exposure to acid mists 1473 –Ulrich Ellenbog publication n occupational illness in gold miners

5 History 1556 – Agricola, German scholar diseases of coal miners preventive measures publication - De Re Metallica 1700’s –Bernardino Ramazzini father of industrial hygiene

6 OSH Act of 1970 The purpose of the OSH Act is to “assure so far as possible every working, man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.”

7 Environmental Factors or Stresses Chemical hazards –gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and smoke Physical hazards –non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, extreme temperatures and pressures

8 Environmental Factors or Stresses Ergonomic hazards –workstation design, repetitive motion, improper lifting/reaching, poor visual conditions Biological hazards –insects, mold, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and viruses

9 Routes of Entry Inhalation –airborne contaminants Absorption –penetration through the skin Ingestion –eating –drinking

10 OSHA Hierarchy of Control ÊEngineering controls ËWork practice controls ÌAdministrative controls ÍPersonal protective equipment (PPE)

11 Types of Exposure Acute –Short term period between exposure and onset of symptoms Chronic –Long time period between exposure to an agent and the onset of symptoms

12 Types of Air Contaminants Particulates –dusts, fumes, mists, and fibers –non respirable particles > 10  m in diameter –respirable particles < 10  m in diameter

13 Types of Air Contaminants Fumes –volatilized solids condenses in cool air < 1.0  m in diameter –hot vapor + air (reaction with) = oxide Mists –suspended solid droplets –generated by a condensation of liquids from a vapors to a liquid state

14 Types of Air Contaminants Fibers –solid, slender, elongated structures –length several times the diameter Gases –formless fluids that expand to occupy a space arc-welding, internal combustion engine exhaust air Vapors –liquid changed to vapor organic solvents

15 Units of Concentration ppm –parts per million mg/m 3 –milligrams per cubic meter mppcf –millions or a particle per cubic foot f/cc –fibers per cubic centimeter

16 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants OSHA –Occupational Safety and Health Administration NIOSH –National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health ACGIH –American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

17 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants OSHA –PEL permissible exposure limit NIOSH –REL recommended exposure level ACGIH –TLV threshold limit value

18 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants OSHA –PEL, STEL, Ceiling NIOSH –TWA, STEL, Ceiling ACGIH –TWA, STEL, Ceiling

19 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants TWA –takes into account variable exposure through a full shift, 8 hour work day STEL –limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes CEILING –absolute maximum level of exposure not to be exceeded

20 Exposure Limits Air Contaminants Legally enforceable –OSHA PEL –OSHA AL (action level)

21 Air Contaminants 29 CFR –Table Z-1 Substances with Limits Preceded by “C” - Ceiling Values –Table Z-2 employee’s exposure to Table Z-1 contaminants shall not exceed exposure limits listed in Z-2 (TWA and ceiling concentrations) –Table Z-3 Mineral Dusts

22 Hearing Conservation 2.9 million workers experience 8-hours noise exposures > 90 bBA 29 CFR –PEL 90 dBA 8 hours engineering and administrative controls

23 Hearing Conservation Program Mandatory –at an 8-hour TWA > 85 dBA Exposure monitoring Audiometric testing Hearing protection Employee training Recordkeeping

24 Hearing Conservation Program An effective program depends upon –employers –supervisors –employees –others

25 Bloodborne Pathogens Bloodborne pathogens include –Hepatitis B –HIV –Others 29 CFR –describes actions employers must take to reduce risk of exposure in the workplace

26 Bloodborne Pathogens 29 CFR –Scope and application all employees with occupational exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) –Exposure control plan (ECP)

27 Bloodborne Pathogens 29 CFR ECP –engineering and work practice controls –personal protective equipment –training –medical surveillance –Hepatitis B vaccinations –signs and labels –other provisions

28 Industrial Hygiene ANTICIPATION RECOGNITION EVALUTION CONTROL