Английский словарный состав как система. Омонимия. Синонимические и антонимические отношения в языке. Комплексная цель: ввести понятие лексической системы, постоянно развивающейся и пополняющейся новыми словами, дать определение неологизмов историзмов, архаизмов, омонимов, рассмотреть источники их возникновения и классификацию, роль и назначение синонимов как выразительно-экспрессивных средств словарного состава современного английского языка. Определение синонимов, их классификации. Антонимы, их классификации. Различные группировки слов (ЛСГ, ЛГР, поля). Определение тематических и идеографических групп, семантических и словообразовательных полей, терминологической системы.

Оbjective reality represents a very complicated system consisting of objects and phenomena which are interrelated and interdependent; this system finds its reflection in language. The term system denotes not merely the total of English words but also a set of elements associated and functioning together according to certain laws.

The vocabulary of a language is an adaptive system constantly adjusting itself to the changing requirements and conditions of human communication and cultural surroundings. The term system denotes a coherent homogeneous whole constituted by interdependent elements of the same order related in certain specific ways.

A lexical opposition is the semantically relevant relationship of partial difference between two partially similar words. The features that the two contrasted words possess in common form the basis of a lexical opposition (e.g. pool, lake, sea, ocean - variation for size). Without a basis of similarity no comparison and no opposition are possible.

In general there are two basic principles of grouping words together according to the properties of their content side. They are: To classify words proceeding from the basic types of semantic relations. To group words together starting off with associations connecting the given words with other vocabulary units.

According to these principles of classifying linguistic units the following semantic classes (or categories) can be singled out: synonyms, lexical and terminological sets, lexico-semantic groups, semantic fields, antonyms.

In 1944, a new song called ‘Is You Is, or Is You Ain’t My Baby’ was released in the US. Essentially the song asks “are you or aren’t you being true to me?”

Russian wordEnglish translationEnglish false friendEnglish meaning ангинаtonsillitisanginasevere chest pain фабрикаfactoryfabriccloth стулchairstoolfootstool конкурсcompetitionconcoursecoming together шефboss, leaderchefexpert cook лунатикsleep-walkerlunaticinsane магазинshop or storemagazineperiodical гимназияgrammar schoolgymnasiumsports hall кабинетoffice or studycabinetcupboard

Other Russian-English false friends include аккуратный vs. accurate, артист vs. artist, аудитория vs. auditorium, декорация vs. decoration, интеллигентный vs. intelligent, комплекция vs. complexion, композитор vs. compositor, марка vs. mark, новелла vs. novel, оператор vs. operator, проспект vs. prospect, фамилий vs. family, физик vs. physique and dozens more.

Two or more words identical in sound form, spelling but different in meaning, distribution and in many cases in origin are called homonyms Greek homos — 'similar' and onoma — 'name', and thus expresses the sameness of name combined with the difference in meaning. The most widely accepted classification of homonyms is that recognizing homonyms proper, homophones and homographs. 1. Homonyms proper are words identical in their sound-form and spelling but different in meaning. 2. Homophones are words of the same sound- form but of different spelling and meaning. 3. Homographs are words different in sound-form and in meaning but identical in spelling.

Byte bite Hear here Sense cents scents Ate eight Czech check cheque Cell sell Clothes close Cereal serial Chews chose

Synonyms are usually defined as words belonging to one part of speech, close in meaning and interchangeable at least in some contexts. Synonyms are characterized by either the semantic relations of equivalence or by the semantic relations of proximity.

The highest degree of proximity is observed in synonyms which have similar denotational aspects but differ either in the connotational (1) or the pragmatic (2) aspect of meaning. famous meaning 'known widely, having fame‘ notorious which is defined as 'widely known because of smth. bad, for example for being criminal, violent, immoral'. Thus, the word famous implies a positive emotive evaluation, and the word notorious — negative. The difference in the pragmatic value of words is found in a far greater number of words than the difference in the connotational aspect. It can be observed in synonymic pairs consisting of a native and a borrowed word. In most cases the native word is more informal, whereas the foreign word has a learned or abstract air: brotherly —fraternal.

Taking into account the difference of synonyms by the three aspects of their meaning they may be classified into stylistic, ideographic and ideographic-stylistic synonyms. Stylistic synonymy implies no interchangeability in context because the underlying situations are different, e.g. children — infants, dad — father. Ideographic synonymy presents a still lower degree of semantic proximity and is observed when the connotational and the pragmatic aspects are similar, but there are certain differences in the denotational aspect of meaning of two words, e.g. forest — wood, apartment —flat, shape — form. Ideographic-stylistic synonymy is characterized by the lowest degree of semantic proximity. This type of synonyms includes synonyms which differ both in the denotational and the connotational and/or the pragmatic aspects of meaning, e.g. ask — inquire, expect — anticipate.

I have always liked you very much, I admire your talent, but forgive me, - I could never love you as a wife should love her husband. Was she a pretty girl? I would certainly have called her attractive. Think you can play Romeo? Romeo should smile, not grin, walk, not swagger, speak his lines, not mumble them.

To look To stare + steadily, lastingly+ in surprise To glare + steadily, lastingly + in anger To gaze + steadily, lastingly + admiration To glance + briefly To peer + steadily, lastingly+ by stealth with difficulty

TYPES OF CONNOTATIONS Degree or intensity (to like) Duration (to look) Emotive (alone-lonely) Evaluative (to sparkle-to glitter) Manner (to stroll –to swagger) Stylistic (to be off, to clear out, to hoof it, to take the air, to retire, to withdraw

Each synonymic group comprises a dominant element. This synonymic dominant is the most general term potentially containing the specific features rendered by all the other members of the synonymic group. In the series leave — depart — quit — retire — clear out the verb leave, being general and both stylistically and emotionally neutral, can stand for each of the other four terms. The other four can replace leave only when some specific semantic component prevails over the general notion.

Words denoting different things correlated on extralinguistic grounds form lexical sets (предметные или тематические группы). Depending on the type of the notional area lexical sets may acquire a more specialized character, e.g. names of 'musical instruments': piano, organ, violin, drum; names of parts of the car mechanism': radiator, motor, handbrake, wheels. Such classes of words are called terminological sets (терминологические группы).

Words describing different sides of one and the same general notion are united in a lexico- semantic group if the underlying notion is not too generalized and all-embracing, like the notions of 'time', 'space', 'life', 'process', etc.; the reference to the underlying notion is not just an implication in the meaning of the lexical unit but forms an essential part in its semantics

If the underlying notion is broad enough to include almost all-embracing sections of vocabulary we deal with semantic fields. For example, the words cosmonaut (п.), spacious (adj.), to orbit (v.) belong to the semantic field of 'space'. The starting point of the theory of semantic fields and lexico-semantic groups was J. Trier's work (a German linguist; the beginning of the 20th century) on intellectual terms in Old and Middle High German.

Antonyms — a class of words grouped together on the basis of the semantic relations of opposition. Antonyms are words belonging to one part of speech sharing certain common semantic characteristics and in this respect they are similar to such semantic classes as synonyms, lexical sets, lexico-semantic groups. There exist different classifications of antonyms.

Structurally, antonyms can be divided into antonyms of the same root (1), e.g. to do — to undo, cheerful — cheerless; and antonyms of different roots (2), e.g. day — night, rich — poor. Semantically, antonyms may be classified into contradictories, contraries and incompatibles. Contradictories represent the type of semantic relations that exist between pairs like, for example, dead — alive, single — married. Contradictory antonyms are mutually opposed, they deny one another. Contradictories form a privative binary opposition, they are members of two-term sets. Contraries are antonyms that can be arranged into a series according to the increasing difference in one of their qualities. The most distant elements of this series will be classified as contrary notions. Contraries are gradable antonyms, they are polar members of a gradual opposition which may have intermediate elements. This may be observed in cold — hot and cool — warm which are intermediate members. Incompatibles are antonyms which are characterized by the relations of exclusion. Semantic relations of incompatibility exist among antonyms with a common component of meaning and may be described as the reverse of hyponymy. For example, to say morning is to say not afternoon, not evening, not night.