1. SYNONYMS

2. Definition of Synonymy
Criteria of Synonymy
Types of Synonyms
Types of Connotations
Sources of Synonymy

3. Synonyms words of the same language belong to the same part of speech
possess one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings
interchangeable, at least in some contexts

4. Synonyms differ in morphemic shape differ in phonemic shape
differ in shades of meaning, connotations
differ in style, idiomatic use

5. having something in mind which is likely to happen neutral
Denotative meaning
Connota-tive
style
Idiomatic usage
hope
having something in mind which is likely to happen
A belief +desire that some event would happen
neutral
Lose hope, pin one’s hope on smth
Expecta-tion
May be of good or of evil
literary
Anticipa-tion
pleasurable expectation of smth good

6. Criteria of Synonymy conceptual criterion
the criterion of interchangeability
semantic criterion

7. Conceptual Criterion convey the same concept
differ in shades of meaning
differ in stylistic characteristics
BUT: Washington is the capital of the USA. (referent is the same, but there’s no linguistic relationship of synonymity)

8. Semantic Criterion
have the same denotation
differ in connotations

9. Semantic Criterion connotations To stare To look Steadily, lastingly
denotation
connotations
To stare
To look
Steadily, lastingly
In surprise, curiosity
To glare
In anger, rage, fury
To gaze
In tenderness, admiration, wonder
To glance
Briefly, in passing

10. The Criterion of Interchangeability
interchangeable at least in some contexts without any considerable alteration in denotational meaning

11. The Criterion of Interchangeability
e.g. pretty, good-looking, handsome, beautiful girl
e.g. He glared at her (angrily)
He glazed at her (with admiration or interest)
He glanced at her (briefly)

12. Classification of Synonyms (by V.V. Vinogradov)
absolute – words coinciding in all their shades of meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics

13. Classification of Synonyms (by V.V. Vinogradov)
ideographic (denotational)– words conveying the same concept but differing in shades of meaning
e.g. to look – to see – to gaze – to glare

14. Classification of Synonyms (by V.V. Vinogradov)
stylistic – words differing in stylistic characteristics
e.g. father – Dad - Daddy

15. Types of Connotations connotation of degree or intensity
e.g. to like – to admire – to love – to adore – to worship
connotation of duration
e.g. to shudder (brief) – to shiver (lasting)

16. Types of Connotations emotive connotations
e.g. to tremble – to shiver – to shudder (emotion of fear, horror, disgust) – to shake
evaluative connotation – attitude towards the referent, labeling it as good or bad
e.g. well-known – famous - notorious (negative connotation) - celebrated

17. Types of Connotations causative connotation
e.g. to blush from modesty, shame or embarrassment
to redden from anger or indignation
connotation of manner
e.g. to stroll – to stride – to trot – to pace - to swagger – to stagger – to stumble

18. Types of Connotations connotation of attendant circumstances
e.g. to peep at smb/smth through a hole, a crack or opening, from a half-closed door, a curtain
to peer at smb/smth in darkness, through the fog, from a great distance, through dimmed glasses or windows

19. Types of Connotations stylistic connotation
e.g. (girl) girlie (colloquial), lass, lassie (dialect), bird, birdie, jane, fluff, skirt (slang), maiden (poetic), damsel (archaic)

20. Dominant Synonym high frequency of usage broad combinability
broad general meaning
lack of connotations
e.g. to look – to glare – to gaze
to make – to produce – to create – to fabricate - to manufacture

21. Hyponymy
generic term –name for the notion of the genus as distinguished from the name of species – hyponyms
e.g. animal - dog – wolf – mouse
generic term names of the species included into generic term

22. Sources of Synonyms Native English words - neutral
French words - literary
Greco-Latin words - learned
To ask
To question
To interrogate
belly
stomach
abdomen
To gather
To assemble
To collect
To end
To finish
To complete
teaching
guidance
instruction

23. Synonymic Differentiation
the word survived with a meaning more or less removed from the original one and became an obsolete or archaic word
obsolete and modern words exist in the language but the obsolete word has a very specific meaning
e.g. girl – OE wench

24. Sources of Synonyms
synonymic attraction - the referent which is very popular attracts a large number of synonyms
e.g.
variants and dialects of English
e.g. lass (Scottish) - girl (English)
long-distance call (USA) – trunk call (British)

25. Sources of Synonyms word-building e.g. lab laboratory – shortening
cheery - cheerful affixation
anxiety – anxiousness
phrasal verbs and set expressions
e.g. to continue – to go on
to smoke – to have a smoke

26. Sources of Synonyms
euphemisms – a shift of unpleasant meaning of a word to a more pleasant or milder one
e.g. drunk – merry
naked – in one’s birthday suit