Major Perspectives of Psychology Mrs. Bivins
8 Major Perspectives Psychoanalytic Behaviorism Humanism Cognitive Socio-cultural Evolutionary Biological/Biomedical Biopsychosocial
Psychodynamic The psychodynamic perspective originated with the work of Sigmund Freud. This perspective emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior and to treat people suffering from mental illnesses.
Our personality is a conflict between our unconscious Id and our superego (our moral sense) and our ego (our sense of reality).
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is the form of treating psychological disorders, invented by Freud. It is famous for the couch.
Behaviorism
By the 1950s, Psychoanalysis seemed very unscientific. Behaviorists will bring science back into psychology, even if they overdo it a little. Behaviorism is NOT interested in the unconscious mind since it cannot be observed in a laboratory.
Ivan Pavlov He was not a psychologist but a Russian physiologist. He discovered classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is associative learning. He trained a dog to drool to a bell.
Dog associates food with bell.
B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner is the most famous of the Behaviorists. He is famous for operant conditioning. Operant conditioning (aka shaping) is learning through reinforcements (rewards) and punishments.
Behaviorism Albert Bandura did a famous experiment that said our behavior does not have to be classically conditioned or operant conditioned. We can simply observe behavior and copy it.
Bobo Doll Experiment
Behavioral Therapy Focuses on maladaptive behaviors (mal means bad) and changing them. Token economy uses positive reinforcement to get large groups of students or mental ward patients or employees to do something like clean up or attend group therapy. (ex: pizza party if you all pass your test)
Behavioral therapy Systematic desensitization – treatment of phobias and anxiety. Treat the behavior of not freaking out over spiders (or pickles).
Behavioral Therapy Aversive conditioning – There is a drug called Antabuse. When mixed with alcohol, it makes you sick. Motivated alcoholics will take this pill and begin to associate the sickness with alcohol and possibly stop drinking.
Behaviorism Summary Behaviorism says we do what we do because of classical conditioning, operant conditioning or we simply learn the behavior from watching or copying it. In its extreme, they think we are simply rats in a cage pressing buttons. WE HAVE NO FREE WILL!
Humanism
Humanistic Humanism came about in the 1960s in reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individual’s potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology was that people are innately good. We are not rats in a cage! We are not id-driven animals! We are humans with free will.
Humanism Abraham Maslow said we have a hierarchy of needs
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Perspective What does the word cognitive mean? How about cognition? Recognition? It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive thoughts of a person.
Cognitive Perspective Focuses on how we think (or encode information) How do we see the world? How did we learn to act to sad or happy events? Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think. You meet a girl… Hopes are high!!! She rejects you…don’t even get digits. How do you react to the rejection? Some learned get back on the horse And try again. Some learned to give up and live a lonely life of solitude.
Biological Perspective This perspective is among the most respected right now. They focus on our brain, nervous system, neurotransmitters and hormones to explain our behaviors.
Biological Perspective “I don’t know why you are depressed or anxious. But here is some medicine!” Love is simply oxytocin in your brain.
Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychology examines psychological traits — such as memory, perception, or language It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations. functional products of natural selection or sexual selection Attractiveness
Social-Cultural Perspective Says that much of your behavior and your feelings are dictated by the culture you live in. Some cultures kiss each other when greeting, some just bow. Does your culture place value on individual or the group?
Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspective All of your feelings and behaviors have an organic root. In other words, they come from your brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, etc… Let us imagine for a second that your dog died (sad but it will happen). You become depressed. You stop eating and sleeping. What would a psychologist from this perspective say is going on and how might they help you?
Let’s apply what we have learned to a case study!