Human Body Systems II

Muscular System Parts- Functions- Skeletal Muscles – Movement and Shivering Smooth Muscles – Digestion and Blood Pressure Cardiac Muscles – Pump Blood (Rhythm!!!!!) Tendons – Connect Muscles to Bones

Smooth Muscles in Digestion

Sliding Filament Model – Contraction!

Skeletal System _________ Compact BoneCa + Storage + Structure + Protection Bone MarrowMaking Blood Cells + Fat Storage Inner Ear BonesHearing Tooth EnamelChewing, Cutting, Grinding Food Ligaments Connect Bone to Bone TendonsConnect Muscle to Bone CartilageCushions Joints + Structure

Osteoporosis - Loss of bone mass caused by inability to store and keep Calcium. -Makes bones easier to break! - leads to hip replacement, etc. -Usually effects elderly or malnourished. -Can be caused excessive caffeine, poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking. -Chronic and rapid among astronauts due to lack of gravity.

Digestive System Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination Salivary Glands, Teeth, Pharynx – Physical and Chemical Digestion Esophagus – Peristalsis pushing food to Stomach Stomach – Physical – Churning Chemical – HCl Acid and Enzymes Small Intestine – Chemical Digestion + *Absorption* Enzymes from Pancreas – Break down organics Bile from Liver – Detergent for fats Large Intestine – Reabsorbs Water- no Diarrhea! Rectum – Darn near killed ‘em! Anus -

Peptic Ulcers -Break down of the protective lining of the stomach resulting in leaking of acids into the abdomen. -Very painful, blood in the stool, loss of energy. -Usually caused by bacteria who produce toxins as a bi-product of their metabolisms – Bacteria Pee-Pee -Stress can lead to this because stress decreases the ability for our immune system to fight!

Excretory System__________ - Kidneys are made of Nephrons, structures that “filter” the nitrogenous waste from our blood. -Ureters carry urine to the Bladder for semi-voluntary storage. -Urethra carries urine out of body. -If Nitrogenous Waste (urea) builds up, it poisons our nervous systems.

How Nephrons work! 1. The Renal Artery brings blood into the Glomerulus. 2. The Glomerulus leaks Plasma into the Bowman’s Capsule of the proximal convoluted tubule of the Nephron. 3. Good things like Glucose, some Salts, some of the water, ions like K+ (potassium, calcium) are reabsorbed into the blood in the distal convoluted tubule. Your Loop of Henle!!!

Dialysis - Artificial filtration of the blood to remove nitrogenous wastes. -Catheter takes blood into machine where urea is removed and blood is returned to the body. -For patients with Kidney failure. -Short term, cannot be done for a lifetime. -Eventually patient dies of nitrogen toxicity.

Immune System Fights against Pathogens Pathogens are invaders who wish to use our bodies as ecosystems to breed in and live in. - Viruses, Bacteria, Protists (Amoebas, etc.), Fungi, Animals (Parasitic Worms, etc.), even Plants occasionally. And Cancers which we recognize by their antigens that are different from non- cancerous cells.

The Usual Bad Guys.

Smallpox - Virus

Syphilis - Bacteria

Leishmaniasis - Protist

Elephantiaisis - Roundworm

Athlete’s Foot - Fungus

Immune System Skin and Mucosa are first lines of defense. Lymphatic System including glands and vessels that contain huge numbers of White Blood Cells (WBCs - Leukocytes). Bone Marrow for maturing B-Cells Thymus Gland for maturing T-Cells Spleen for Recycling old WBCs and RBCs

Antigens are the key!!! Antigens are proteins on the surface of cells that act as cellular I.D. Specific shapes just like faces, keys, etc.

Inflammatory Response

Cells and other microscopic components of the Immune System- WBCs Macrophages – “big eaters” that consume pathogens and display the bad guys’ I.D. for the Helper T-Cells Helper T-Cells – “Talk” with Macrophages to learn the I.D. of pathogens. Then they “teach” the Cytotoxic Killer T-Cells and B- Cells how to recognize the bad guys. Cytotoxic “Killer” T-Cells – Hunt down and destroy cells with the wrong Antigen I.D. using enzymes.

B-Cells – Manufacture and release Antibodies that “flag” or mark pathogens to be eaten. Antibodies – Protein molecules that are reflections of Antigens that attach to bad guys so they can be detected and eaten by Macrophages.

T-Cell Mediated Immune Response 1. Macrophage recognizes and eats pathogen 2. Macrophage displays pathogen antigens (I.D.) to Helper T-Cells 3. Helper T-Cells “teach” Cytotoxic Killer T- Cells what the bad guys look like. 4. Killer T’s multiply. 5. Pathogens and infected cells are lysed (destroyed) by enzymes from the Killer T’s.

B-Cell Mediated Immune Response 1. Macrophage recognizes and eats pathogen 2. Macrophage displays pathogen antigens (I.D.) to Helper T-Cells. 3. Helper T-Cells “teach” B-Cells what the bad guys look like. 4. B-Cells make and release Antibodies 5. Antibodies bind to Pathogens, causing them to clump together. 6. Macrophages eat and destroy marked pathogens. 7. B Memory Cells Form creating Immunity

What are Antibiotics? Drugs that use enzymes to prevent Bacteria from building Cell Walls What is an Allergy? An unintentional Immune response to a Non-Pathogen - Leads to inflammatory response that can block breathing or circulation

Why should we never get the exact same disease twice? What is Immunity? What is a Vaccine? (Flu Shot) Pathogens with their reproductive parts removed teach our bodies how to recognize and fight Pathogens before they can infect us. We build Memory Cells that allow a very fast reaction if we encounter the same Pathogen again.