 European Imperialism  Former mandate systems  Great Britain and France  Ideological differences  Example: Israel and Palestine  Israel=sovereign Jewish nation  Palestine= not an independent nation (in Israeli territory)  Sunni vs. Shiites  Origin: Who should be the successor of Muhammed?  Sunni= majority Muslim sect  Shiites= minority Muslim sect  Kurds  Ethnic majority who wants their own homeland  Nationalist movements  Arab Spring  Oil  Global alliances  Example: Iraq invading Kuwait

 Who: Iraq, Kuwait, and the United States  What: U.N. action led by the United States (technically not a war) to push Iraq out of Kuwait  When:  Where: Iraq and Kuwait  Why: Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait to attain its oil wealth to pay off debt.  Saddam declares a Jihad (an Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to maintain the religion) against the U.S. and Israel.  How: U.S. Congress grants President Bush the authority to wage war.  demanded immediate withdraw of Iraq and issued an ultimatum to be out by Jan 15,  Beginning on January 16, 1991, the U.S. initiated an around the clock bombing of major cities.

What Happened?  During the War, the U.S. had the chance to go all the way into Baghdad, and to oust Saddam Hussein out of power.  President George Bush decided not to, a decision that some in the United States would later come to regret (hit: Iraq War). Outcome:  Following the end of Persian Gulf War, a ceasefire imposed sanctions on Iraq  Sent in UN weapons inspectors  The United States imposed no-fly zones in Iraq to curb it’s military power  Iraq stopped working with UN weapons inspectors in October  The United States replied with New regulations involving weapons inspections, but Iraq refused to comply.

Who: Iraq and the United States What: George W. Bush announced that the war on terrorism extend beyond the borders of Afghanistan, hinting of the second war on Iraq that was to come in When: , the conflict with Iraq was changed by the World Trade Center Attacks in Where: Iraq Why: The United States wanted to remove Saddam from power because he… 1) supported terrorists 2) stockpiled weapons of mass destruction (WMD’s) Outcome:  Saddam Hussein is captured on December 13, 2003  He was then transported to Camp Cropper (holding center in Baghdad) by American troops until his trial.  June 30, 2004, the U.S. handed him over to the Interim Iraqi government to be tried (now Shiite government)  Charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide (Saddam was a Sunni ruling over a majority of Shiites)  November 5, 2006, sentenced to death by hanging