Parasite Infection and Amphibian Limb Deformities

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Presentation transcript:

Parasite Infection and Amphibian Limb Deformities Cheyenne Conrad

Ribeiroia Trematode parasite Hermaphroditic Distinctive esophageal diverticula Indirect, complex life-cycle 3 known species R. ondatrae in North America

Geographic Distribution North & South America, Caribbean, Africa, (Australia?) Parasites are found concentrated along bird migration paths

Ribeiroia causes limb deformities The Evidence 1999 study Hypothesis: Ribeiroia is the cause of limb deformities in H. regilla (Pacific treefrogs) Eggs collected for Eel river Upon hatching, tadpoles exposed to one of six treatments: 0 cercariae 16 cercariae (light) 32 cercariae (intermediate) 48 cercariae (heavy) 80 Alaria cercariae 80 Alaria + 32 Ribeiroia

Ribeiroia causes limb deformities The Evidence

Limb Mutations

Ribeiroia causes limb deformities The Evidence Results: 85% of frogs surviving to metamorphosis suffered limb deformities. Frequency of deformities increased with parasite density Tadpole survivorship declined with increasing parasite density Alaria penetrated tadpoles but caused no limb abnormalities nor increase in mortality All abnormalities involved the hindlimbs

How does Ribeiroia cause limb mutations? 2 Hypotheses: Mechanical vs. Chemical

How does Ribeiroia cause limb mutations? Experimental implantation of resin beads into developing limb buds induce some malformations lends support to mechanical hypothesis

How does Ribeiroia cause limb mutations? Limb development in amphibians is dependent upon spatial organization of cells in the limb bud Disruption of spatial organization in limb bud results in positional confrontations between cells The result is duplicated and triplicated limbs, as well as other limb deformities

A new phenomenon? Ribeiroia-induced malformations have occurred in North America since at least the 1940s What factors are contributing the increased prevalence?

References Johnson, P.T., K.B. Lunde, E.G. Ritchie, A.E. Launer. 1999. The effect of trematode infection on amphibian limb development and survivorship. Science 284: 802-804. Johnson, P.T., D.R. Sutherland. 2003. Amphibian deformities and Ribeirioa infection: an emerging helminthiasis. TRENDS in Parasitology 19: 332-335. Stopper, G.F., L. Hecker, R.A. Franssen, S.K. Sessions. 2002. How trematodes cause limb deformities in amphibians. Journal of Experimental Zoology 294: 252-263.