2. What are edaphic effects? Edaphic effects are soil characteristics that modify growth and development of plant species: –Organic matter –Inorganic minerals –Heavy metals –Water holding capacity –Soil salinity

3. What is a narrow endemic? Narrow endemic taxa are species that occur in one or a few small populations The genus Monarda contains 4 narrow endemics that grow in South Central Texas »M. fruticulosa »M. maritima »M. stanfieldii »M. viridissima

4. Why study endemism? To understand biodiversity To understand speciation in plants To understand rarity as a means of facilitating conservation To understand edaphic effects on growth and development of plant species Endemics are often restricted by edaphic constraints

5. Species Descriptions Monarda fruticulosa is a narrowly endemic species found only on the sand plains of central southern Texas Monarda punctata is a widespread species that is found across Southern, Central, and Eastern North America Phylogenetic analysis reveals that these two species are very closely related

6. Monarda punctata and Monarda fruticulosa growth habits

7. Monarda punctata distribution in the USA http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=MOPUP

8. Monarda fruticulosa range

9. Hypotheses Monarda fruticulosa performs better on M. fruticulosa soils than on M. punctata soils in general Monarda fruticulosa performs better on native soil from it’s home site than on any other soil Monarda fruticulosa is a perennial species and as such will have a higher root/shoot ratio than M. punctata

10. Collection In May of 2002, Dr. Alan Prather collected soil and mature inflorescences from native plants growing on the coastal plains of southern Texas 10 inflorescences each from 3 different populations of M. punctata 10 inflorescences each from 3 different populations of M. fruticulosa 60 inflorescences and 6 soil samples were brought back to MSU

12. Materials and Methods A reciprocal soil trial was performed using three populations each of Monarda puncata and Monarda fruticulosa along with the soils upon which they were collected We selected 60 seeds from each population and planted them on each of the six soils upon which the plants grew

13. Experimental Design

14. Watering and Light Application Plants were put under 12 hours light and 12 hours dark in the lab Plants were top watered daily with distilled, deionized water Plants were bottom watered on the weekends to prevent the soil from drying out Lab temperature was approximately 72 degrees Fahrenheit

15. Experimental conditions

16. Monarda punctata Monarda fruticulosa

17. Data Collection Germination date recorded for each seed If applicable, date of natural seedling death recorded 10 day intervals of growth recorded for each seedling At 40 days of growth, each seedling was harvested and weighed

18. Data Analysis 4 measures of fitness were considered for data analysis: –Germination –Height –Survivorship –Biomass

19. Statistical Test for the Difference between Two Population Proportions(Binomial Data) π = Probability of Success n = sample size Z= ( π – π ) πππ π)((11––) + nn

20. Germination Results M. punctata on M. fruticulosa Soil (n=91) 85.70% M. punctata on M. punctata Soils (n=90) 70%

21. Survivorship Results M. fruticulosa on M. fruticulosa Soils (n=58) 82.80% M. fruticulosa on M. punctata Soil (n=58) 61.80%

22. Height and Biomass Results There were no significant data supporting nor opposing our hypotheses M. fruticulosa did perform better on M. fruticulosa soil in terms of height M. punctata performed better overall in both respects

23. Height Results M. Fruticulosa on M. Fruticulosa Soils (n=89) 27.49 mm M. Fruticulosa on M. Punctata Soil (n=90) 25.32 mm Analysis of variance by Anova

24. Biomass Results Analysis of variance by Anova

25. Root to Shoot Ratio Test Results show that M. punctata has a higher root/shoot ratio than M. fruticulosa

26. Overall Fitness Analysis

27. Hypotheses Analysis Hypothesis supported: –Monarda fruticulosa performs better on M. fruticulosa soils than on M. punctata soils Supported significantly in terms of survivorship Trends support this hypothesis in terms of germination and height Monarda fruticulosa did germinate better on its own native soil than on soil from any other site, but not significantly Hypotheses not supported: –Monarda fruticulosa performs better on native soil from it’s home site than on any other soil – Monarda fruticulosa is perennial and therefore will have a higher root/shoot ratio than Monarda punctata

28. Conclusions Survivorship data supports the hypothesis that M. fruticulosa performs better on M. fruticulosa soil than on M. punctata soil. M. punctata is a better performer overall, out performing M. fruticulosa in terms of germination, survivorship, biomass, and root/shoot ratio –This may have to do with the fact that M. punctata is an annual and genetically programmed to complete it’s lifecycle within a season, requiring rapid growth Whether or not the narrow endemic, Monarda fruticulosa, is edaphically constrained to it’s habitat, requires more research

29. Future Research Soil analysis –Organic matter –Heavy metals –Salts Water availability tests Large scale reciprocal trials in nature Survival to reproduction Hybrid studies

30. Special Thanks To: Jan Szyren –Greenhouse and moral support Victor Bato –Mapping Tao Sang –Analytical balance Uwe Rossbach –Computer lab use and consulting Deb Trock and Alan Fryday –Moral support

31. Dr. Alan Prather and graduate students Jessie Keith, Orlando Alvarez, Rachel Williams, and Nate Sammons