Presenter : Baha Zoubi Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A degree Supervised by :Pro. Gavriel Salomon Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Israel Promoting peace education through cooperation in common soccer clubs between Jewish and Arab youth players in Israel

Peace education perceived as a process of changing the point of view ( enemy perception ) for every side of the conflict ( Burton, 1987;Kriesberg,1993 ), or a process for attitudes changing, which aims to increase understanding, honor and tolerance toward members from the out-group ( Oppenheimer, Bar-Tal & Raviv,1999 ). Peace education

The contact Hypothesis is considered as a one of the effective theories for improving inter group relationships in the social psychology ( Allport, 1954, 1958 ). Allport maintained that, the contact hypothesis existence and reducing stereotypes and prejudice is dependent in 4 conditions : 1. Equal status 2.Acquaintance potential 3. common goals and cooperation interaction 4.social and institutional support. Pettigrew ( 1998 ) added another condition, friendship and social relationship with out-group members. Another condition for contact success is encouraging existence social norms in the society. The contact Hypothesis

Bi-national soccer clubs

Equal Inter-group playing opportunity Equal Inter-group participants number inter-group Encounter in Neutral training field

Common Goals and cooperation interaction Common in-group identity

Intensive Inter-group contact

Friendship And social relationship Encouraging Social norms Institutional and parents support

High inter-group trust Low inter-group anxiety

Strong rules and discipline

High cultural Information About out-group

Uni-national soccer clubs JewishArab Surface Inter-group contact Jewish

inter-group Encounter in Local club field Opposing Goals and competitive interaction Salient and different in-group identity Different Inter-group Clubs conditions

High inter-group anxiety Low inter-group trust Hostile environment Weak rules and Discipline

High ignorance of out-group

Main assumptions Participating in bi-national soccer clubs leads for positive attitudes change among Jewish and Arab participants Participating in uni-national soccer clubs doesn't lead for positive attitudes change among Jewish and Arab participants

TotalUni-nationalBi-nationalNationality Jewish Arab The Sample

Results ArabJewish

Jewish participants negative emotions toward Arab group members

Arab participants negative emotions toward Jewish group members

Jewish participants negative stereotypes toward Arab members

Arab participants negative stereotypes toward Jewish members

Jewish participants personal Acquaintance with Arab members

Arab participants personal Acquaintance with Jewish members

Jewish participants Willingness for cooperation with Arab members

Arab participants Willingness for cooperation with Jewish members

Jewish participants

Arab participants

THE FACES THE FACES conclusion Participating in bi-national soccer clubs improves positively participants attitudes toward out-group members, in the other hand participating in uni-national soccer clubs keeps participants attitudes toward out-group members.

The children of today ~ our Israel of tomorrow

Thank you very much