Challenges of Multiculturalism in Europe Jagellonian University 10 May 2005 Laura Laubeova

Structure of the lecture Retreat of MC after 9/11 Definitions: multiculturalism, race ethnicity, minority, Concepts & theories of MC State policies vs. Minority requirements Politics of redistribution / recognition Ethnocultural justice Concept of Racisms, discrimination From assimilation to inclusion Antidiscrimination in EU, institutional racism in UK

Background Amsterdam Treaty (Article 13) two Directives (2000/43/EC, 2000/78/EC) European Framework Convention for protection of national minorities (FCNM) CERD, CRC, CEDAW, ICCPR, ICESCR, etc. i.e. framework for public policies promoting positive interethnic relations, elimination of discrimination and racism.

After 9/11 Failure of MCP? Baubock

Multiculturalism Descriptive Normative- see bellow Government policy (Canada, Australia) Institutional policies (UK – racial equality, CERES)

Definitions related to ethnicity From ethnic category to concepts of ethnic community. “Ethnie“ is a named human population with myths of common ancestry, shared historical memories, one or more elements of common culture, a link with a homeland, a sense of solidarity among at least some members. - covers both majority and minority population. vs multiple identities, situational (transcending) ethnicities, hybridity

Ethnicity 2 basic + 3 complementary approaches: 1. Primordialists focus on primordial ties ( but static naturalist, ethnic id. overlapping with other types of id.) Sociobiologists - mechanisms of nepotism and inclusive fitness based on genetic reproductive capacity (reductionism) 2. Instrumentalists Symbols for political goals, rational choices. Socially constructed nature of ethnicity. But neglect wider cultural environment, affective and collective dimensions. Interests only in material terms.

Approaches to ethnicity – cont. 3. Transactionalists Frederick Barth – social boundaries, ascribed ethnicity 4. Social psychological Horowitz, Tajfel 5. Ethno-symbolists Myths & symbols. nostalgia… AD Smith, Armstrong (Hutchinson, Smith: Introduction) See also Cornell, Hartmann: Circumstantialists vs Primordialists

Race Biology & natural sciences – no longer since late 70´s ( see researches in genetics bellow) Race remains a legitimate concept for sociological analysis because social actors treat is as real and organise their lives and practices by reference to it (van den Berghe) Robert Miles: race is only an ideological construct that is used by social scientists for legitimising the status quo D. Mason : “Clearly there are no such things as races. Yet it is equally clear that large numbers of people behave as if there are”

Race – cont. Mason: „race is a social relationship in which structural positions and social actions are ordered, justified, and explained by reference to systems of symbols and beliefs which emphasise the social and cultural relevance of biologically rooted characteristics“. In other words, the social relationship race presumes the existence of racism and institutional racism. Rose, Steven, Lewontin, Richard, Kamin, Leon (1990) Not In Our Genes. Biology, ideology and human nature, London: Penguin Books Stephen Gould (1996) The Mismeasure of Man Ellis Cashmore (1996) Dictionary of race and thnic relations

Preamble of the EU Race Directive “The European Union rejects theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate human races. The use of the term "racial origin" in this Directive does not imply an acceptance of such theories”. Race is a social construct, i.e. a category without any biological underpinning

Race vs ethnicity Race is often treated as ideology – ethnicity as a real phenomenon. Racial refers mainly to physical terms, – ethnic rather to cultural terms. Race refers to them, – ethnicity to us. Both concepts always imply social relationship.

Minority ”group of people distinguished by physical or cultural characteristics subject do different and unequal treatment by the society in which they live and who regard themselves as victims of collective discrimination“ 1945 Louis Wirth

Minority - cont. must be a 'non dominant' group; its members must 'possess ethnic, religious or linguistic characteristics differing from those of the rest of the population‚ must also 'show, if only implicitly, a sense of solidarity, directed towards preserving their culture, traditions, religion or language' (Capotorti as quoted from MRG ) Also non dominant groups that may be a numerical majority in a state, those who are not necessarily nationals or citizens of the state where they reside. MRG

Multiculturalism Conservative (diversity as a deficit, communit.) Left essentialist (Afrocentrism, also communit.) Liberal (natural equality, lack of opportunities, decontextualisation, depolitisation) but procedural liberalism vs communitarian liber. – Kis, Taylor, Kymlicka (see also politics of recognition) Pluralist - salad bowl (exoticism, affirmation) vs melting pot

Multiculturalism – cont. Critical MC (Frankfurt School, power, emancipation, soc. justice, self reflection) Antiracist (life chances - CERES) Reflexive (Ali Ratansi – Derrida + Giddens) Cosmopolitan Ethnicity as habitus (Bourdieu) Hybridity (H. Bhabha, Paul Gilroy, St. Hall) rooting vs shifting ( see S. May, P. McLaren, etc)

Multiculturalism – cont. V. Parrillo: three models of minority integration: Assimilation (majority- comformity) Amalgamation (melting pot) Accommodation (pluralism) (multiculturalism) Multiculturalism = diversity + cooperation Parillo, 1997

State policies incl. MCP Eva Sobotka: policies twds the Roma in CEE: Exclusion Assimilation Co-existence Multiculturalism Sobotka 2003

Multicultural Policy target groups/requirements Indigenous (Nunavat, Sami) National minorities (Canada, Europe) Legal immigrants (USA, Australia) Irregular & illegal immigrants – denizens/metics AfroAmericans Roma, Ch. Jews, Amish, etc Kymlicka – stages: communitarian, liberal, nation building

Different minority groups, different claims and expectations National minorities Indigenous people Immigrants Refugees Guestworkers Descendants of slaves Roma Religious groups Autonomy Fair terms of integration Inclusion Affirmative action Difficult cases

Liberal position Dworkin: substantial and procedural rights Rawls: individual autonomy supplemented by non-discrimination provisions should always carry more importance than collective rights

Arguments against ethnocultural neutrality of the state Education Legal system Diffusion of language Relation to different ethnical/ethical questions: slavery, polygamy, polyandry, incest, euthanasia, suicide, capital punishment, abortion, coerced marriages, divorce on demand, gay and lesbian marriages, etc.

Ethnocultural justice (Kymlicka) Two main ideas: Minorities are also entitled to various degrees of nation-building Minority rights are a supplement not a substitute for human rights

Multiculturalism – cont. Integration, inclusion, inclusive education Intercultural vs multiculrural Politics of redistribution, of recognition (Frazer) – politics of equal dignity (Autonomy) politics of difference (Authenticity) (Taylor)

Racism & isms ……… sexism, disableism, ageism, homophobia Neil Thompson Racism can be defined as an attitude (ideology) or action (behaviour) that disadvantages individuals or groups on the basis of their “racial” inferiority[1], mainly by means of limiting their access to scarce resources. 1] Racial difference or racial inferiority is often perceived or constructed in terms of different culture, ethnicity, religion, language, etc.[1] 1] See Unit 6

Explanations of racism: 1. Psychological ”Some people are like that” 2. Lack of knowledge, ignorance „To know is to love“ 3. Intergroup relations ”Birds of a feather” 4. Individuals are racists because the structures, practices, and values of our society are racist. ”Its the system”

Discrimination/isms: Personal – Cultural - Structural Neil Thompson

Racisms – cont. from violent attacks or scapegoating to paternalistic crypto-racist assistance to m. tendency to deny racism (unacceptable) two main meanings: 1) ideology (beliefs) about racial superiority 2) “the whole complex of factors which produce racial discrimination” and sometimes also “those which produce racial disadvantage” Cashmore

Racism as ideology 1. the so called “scientific racism of the 19th century”, manifested for example in the publication by Herrnstein, Murray, “popular” racism or “common sense” racism that is based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to believe that one´s own cultural paradigm is universal, neutral and superior to any other culture

In other words… Racism 1.denies all difference in the name of universality of the human nature, but unconsciously it takes back this universality to the dominant model; 2. uses the obvious differences to turn them into instruments of domination, exploitation, condemnation, exclusion, or extermination.

Racisms- cont. PrejudiceDiscrimination Inequality „Racism, in short, involves (a)stereotypes about difference and inferiority (b)use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate“ The Parekh Report, 2000 AttitudesBehaviourStructures

Racisms – cont. ExclusionDiscrimination Prejudice

Assimilation and Racism (Bauböck) assimilation is possible yesno assimilation is required yescompulsory assimilation racist double-bind nopluralismsegregation

assimilationist policies inclusiveness

Assimilationist model DIFFERENCEDEFICIT ASSIMILATION COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES Does the individual fit into the System or ‘Institution’? ASSIMILATION

Curriculum (Multiculturalism) model Cultural Effects CULTURES LIFESTYLES ATTITUDES PLURALIST TOLERANCE AND HARMONY Does the organisation of this ‘institution’ recognise Diversity ? PLURALIST

Equity/Rights Model Social and Political Effects EQUITY PARTICIPATION ANTIDISCRIMINATORY LIFE CHANCES Are people enabled in this ‘institution’? Do the structures allow for achievement, growth and opportunities? ANTIDISCRIMINATORY

Enlarged Europe – May 2004 Green paper on Equality and non-discrimination in an enlarged European Union: damental_rights/greenpaper_en.htmeuropa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/fun damental_rights/greenpaper_en.htm

Institutional racism 1999 – The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, also at documents.co.uk/document/cm42/4262/4262.htm; mainly chapter 6, pp documents.co.uk/document/cm42/4262/4262.htm „Institutional Racism defined as: The collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantages minority ethnic people.“