EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens
3 Chapter 3 Rocks
3.1 The Rock Cycle Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet. Types of Rocks 1. Igneous rock is formed by the crystallization of molten magma.
Rocks 3.1 The Rock Cycle Types of Rocks 2. Sedimentary rock is formed from the weathered products of preexisting rocks that have been transported, deposited, compacted, and cemented. 3. Metamorphic rock is formed by the alteration of pre-existing rock deep within Earth (but still in the solid state) by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids.
The Rock Cycle 3.1 The Rock Cycle Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic) Magma is molten material that forms deep beneath the Earth’s surface. Lava is magma that reaches the surface. Weathering is a process in which rocks are broken down by water, air, and living things. Sediment is weathered pieces of Earth elements.
The Rock Cycle
Thinking about relationships among the major rock groups
Fig. 2.9 MAGMA
Crystallization IGNEOUS
MAGMA IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization
MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization
MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Uplift Crystallization Weathering
MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT Uplift Crystallization Weathering SEDIMENT
MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY Uplift Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition
MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY Uplift Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition
MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition
MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Melting Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Can you see any shortcuts?
MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Melting Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition
The rock cycle demonstrates the relationships among the three major rock groups It is powered by the interior heat of the Earth As well as earth’s momentum and… The energy from the sun It involves processes on the Earth’s surface as well as the Earth’s interior It connects the “hydrologic cycle” with the “tectonic cycle”. In Conclusion…
Formation of Igneous Rocks 3.2 Igneous Rocks 1. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface. 2. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed when lava hardens.
Classification of Igneous Rocks 3.2 Igneous Rocks 1. Texture Igneous rocks can be classified based on their composition and texture. Coarse-grained texture is caused by slow cooling resulting in larger crystals. Fine-grained texture is caused by rapid cooling resulting in smaller, interconnected mineral grains.
Course-Grained Igneous Texture
Fine-Grained Igneous Texture
Classification of Igneous Rocks 3.2 Igneous Rocks 1. Texture (continued) Glassy texture is caused by very rapid cooling. Porphyritic texture is caused by different rates of cooling resulting in varied sized minerals. 2. Composition Granitic composition rocks are made mostly of light-colored quartz and feldspar.
Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.
Porphyritic Igneous Texture
Classification of Igneous Rocks 3.2 Igneous Rocks 2. Composition (continued) Basaltic composition rocks are made mostly of dark-colored silicate minerals and plagioclase feldspar. Andesitic composition rocks are between granitic light-color minerals and basaltic composition dark-colored minerals. Ultramafic composition rocks are made mostly from iron and magnesium-rich minerals.
Basalt
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks Erosion involves the weathering and the removal of rock. Deposition occurs when an agent of erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy and drops sediments. Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks Compaction is a process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments. Cementation takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments. Compaction and Cementation
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks 1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of weathered bits of rocks and minerals. Classified by particle size Two Main Groups - Shale (most abundant) Common rocks include - Conglomerate - Sandstone
Shale with Plant Fossils
Conglomerate
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks Two Main Groups 2. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved substances precipitate, or separate, from water. Common rocks include - l imestone — most abundant chemical rock - microcrystalline quartz known as chert, flint, jasper, or agate - evaporites such as rock salt or gypsum - coal
Fossiliferous Limestone
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
Features of Some Sedimentary Rocks 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks Features of sedimentary rocks are clues to how and where the rocks are formed
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism means “to change form.” Conditions for formation are found a few kilometers below the Earth’s surface and extend into the upper mantle. Most metamorphic changes occur at elevated temperatures and pressures.
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks Contact metamorphism occurs when magma moves into rock. Changes are driven by a rise in temperature. Occurs near a body of magma
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks Regional metamorphism results in large-scale deformation and high-grade metamorphism. Directed pressures and high temperatures occur during mountain building. Produces the greatest volume of metamorphic rock
Agents of Metamorphism 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks Heat Pressure Provides the energy needed to drive chemical reactions Causes a more compact rock with greater density
Origin of Pressure in Metamorphism
Agents of Metamorphism 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks Hot water-based solutions escaping from the mass of magma Promote recrystallization by dissolving original minerals and then depositing new ones Hydrothermal Solutions
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks 1. Foliated Metamorphic Rock 2. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock Two main categories Has a banded or layered appearance Does not have a banded texture
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Gneiss Typically Displays a Banded Appearance
Marble — A Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock